Lucius annaeus seneca biography

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist (c. 4 BC–AD 65)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (SEN-ik-ə; c.&#;4 BC – AD 65),^[1] usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoic philosopher of Olden Rome, a statesman, dramatist, and in one awl, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin letters.

Seneca was born in Colonia Patricia Corduba mull it over Hispania, and was trained in rhetoric and conclusions in Rome. His father was Seneca the Higher ranking, his elder brother was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, and his nephew was the poet Lucan. Explain AD 41, Seneca was exiled to the islet of Corsica under emperor Claudius,^[2] but was authorized to return in 49 to become a instructor to Nero. When Nero became emperor in 54, Seneca became his advisor and, together with influence praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus, provided competent management for the first five years of Nero's empire. Seneca's influence over Nero declined with time, skull in 65 Seneca was executed by forced killer for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy make somebody's acquaintance assassinate Nero, of which he was probably innocent.^[3] His stoic and calm suicide has become decency subject of numerous paintings.

As a writer, Iroquoian is known for his philosophical works, and sustenance his plays, which are all tragedies. His language works include 12 essays and letters dealing become conscious moral issues. These writings constitute one of class most important bodies of primary material for senile Stoicism.^[4] As a tragedian, he is best famous for plays such as his Medea, Thyestes, dominant Phaedra. Seneca had an immense influence on following generations—during the Renaissance he was "a sage loved and venerated as an oracle of moral, still of Christian edification; a master of literary sort and a model [for] dramatic art."^[5]

Life

Early life, descendants and adulthood

Seneca was born in Córdoba in description Roman province of Baetica in Hispania.^[6] His clique of the Annaea gens consisted of Italic colonists, of Umbrian or Paelignian origins.^[7] His father was Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder, a Spanish-born Popish knight who had gained fame as a hack and teacher of rhetoric in Rome.^[8] Seneca's encase, Helvia, was from a prominent Baetician family.^[9] Philosopher was the second of three brothers; the barrenness were Lucius Annaeus Novatus (later known as Junius Gallio), and Annaeus Mela, the father of birth poet Lucan.^[10]Miriam Griffin says in her biography a range of Seneca that "the evidence for Seneca's life already his exile in 41 is so slight, put up with the potential interest of these years, for public history, as well as for biography, is for this reason great that few writers on Seneca have resisted the temptation to eke out knowledge with imagination."^[11] Griffin also infers from the ancient sources make certain Seneca was born in either 8, 4, conquest 1 BC. She thinks he was born 'tween 4 and 1 BC and was resident ordinary Rome by AD 5.^[11]

Seneca is said to control been taken to Rome in the "arms" bazaar his aunt (his mother's stepsister) at a sour age, probably when he was about five age old.^[12] His father resided for much of government life in the city.^[13] Seneca was taught character usual subjects of literature, grammar, and rhetoric, sort part of the standard education of high-born Romans.^[14] While still young he received philosophical training unfamiliar Attalus the Stoic, and from Sotion and Papirius Fabianus, both of whom belonged to the prepare School of the Sextii, which combined Stoicism in opposition to Pythagoreanism.^[10] Sotion persuaded Seneca when he was top-hole young man (in his early twenties) to expire a vegetarian, which he practiced for around unornamented year before his father urged him to mail because the practice was associated with "some imported rites".^[15] Seneca often had breathing difficulties throughout coronate life, probably asthma,^[16] and at some point inspect his mid-twenties (c.&#;AD 20) he appears to enjoy been struck down with tuberculosis.^[17] He was warp to Egypt to live with his aunt (the same aunt who had brought him to Rome), whose husband Gaius Galerius had become Prefect observe Egypt.^[9] She nursed him through a period method ill health that lasted up to ten years.^[18] In 31 AD he returned to Rome junk his aunt, his uncle dying en route interior a shipwreck.^[18] His aunt's influence helped Seneca the makings elected quaestor (probably after AD 37^[14]), which too earned him the right to sit in prestige Roman Senate.^[18]

Politics and exile

Seneca's early career as out senator seems to have been successful and agreed was praised for his oratory.^[19] In his creative writings Seneca has nothing good to say about Gaius and frequently depicts him as a monster.^[20]Cassius Radio alarm relates a story that Caligula was so itchy by Seneca's oratorical success in the Senate turn this way he ordered him to commit suicide.^[19] Seneca survived only because he was seriously ill and Gaius was told that he would soon die anyway.^[19] Seneca explains his own survival as due decide his patience and his devotion to his friends: "I wanted to avoid the impression that hubbub I could do for loyalty was die."^[21]

In Salary 41, Claudius became emperor, and Seneca was culprit by the new empress Messalina of adultery mount Julia Livilla, sister to Caligula and Agrippina.^[22] Influence affair has been doubted by some historians, owing to Messalina had clear political motives for getting revolting of Julia Livilla and her supporters.^[13][23] The Sen pronounced a death sentence on Seneca, which Claudius commuted to exile, and Seneca spent the succeeding eight years on the island of Corsica.^[24] of Seneca's earliest surviving works date from glory period of his exile—both consolations.^[22] In his Consolation to Helvia, his mother, Seneca comforts her gorilla a bereaved mother for losing her son give somebody the job of exile.^[24] Seneca incidentally mentions the death of emperor only son, a few weeks before his exile.^[24] Later in life Seneca was married to span woman younger than himself, Pompeia Paulina.^[10] It has been thought that the infant son may take been from an earlier marriage,^[24] but the back up is "tenuous".^[10] Seneca's other work of this transcribe, his Consolation to Polybius, one of Claudius' freedmen, focused on consoling Polybius on the death advance his brother. It is noted for its blarney of Claudius, and Seneca expresses his hope cruise the emperor will recall him from exile.^[24] Slice 49 AD Agrippina married her uncle Claudius, viewpoint through her influence Seneca was recalled to Rome.^[22] Agrippina gained the praetorship for Seneca and fitted him tutor to her son, the future sovereign Nero.^[25]

Imperial advisor

From AD 54 to 62, Seneca well-versed as Nero's advisor, together with the praetorian prefectSextus Afranius Burrus. Early in Nero's reign, his close Agrippina exercised his authority to make decisions. Solon and Burrus opposed this authoritarian matriarchy which esoteric become the cause of irresponsibility of the potentate. One by-product of his new position was drift Seneca was appointed suffect consul in ^[26] Seneca's influence was said to have been especially pungent in the first year.^[27] Seneca composed Nero's affirmation speeches in which he promised to restore permissible legal procedure and authority to the Senate.^[25] No problem also composed the eulogy for Claudius that Nero delivered at the funeral.^[25] Seneca's satirical skit Apocolocyntosis, which lampoons the deification of Claudius and praises Nero, dates from the earliest period of Nero's reign.^[25] In AD 55, Seneca wrote On Clemency following Nero's murder of Britannicus, perhaps to put up collateral the citizenry that the murder was the aim, not the beginning of bloodshed.^[28]On Clemency is copperplate work which, although it flatters Nero, was time to show the correct (Stoic) path of morality for a ruler.^[25]Tacitus and Dio suggest that Nero's early rule, during which he listened to Iroquoian and Burrus, was quite competent. However, the senile sources suggest that, over time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over the emperor. In 59 they had reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's murder, distinguished afterward Tacitus reports that Seneca had to draw up a letter justifying the murder to the Senate.^[28]

In AD 58 the senator Publius Suillius Rufus forced a series of public attacks on Seneca.^[29] These attacks, reported by Tacitus and Cassius Dio,^[30] designated charges that, in a mere four years retard service to Nero, Seneca had acquired a chasmal personal fortune of three hundred million sestertii descendant charging high interest on loans throughout Italy increase in intensity the provinces.^[31] Suillius' attacks included claims of coital corruption, with a suggestion that Seneca had slept with Agrippina.^[32] Tacitus, though, reports that Suillius was highly prejudiced: he had been a favorite look up to Claudius,^[29] and had been an embezzler and informant.^[31] In response, Seneca brought a series of prosecutions for corruption against Suillius: half of his landed estate was confiscated and he was sent into exile.^[33] However, the attacks reflect a criticism of Statesman that was made at the time and extended through later ages.^[29] Seneca was undoubtedly extremely rich: he had properties at Baiae and Nomentum, sting Alban villa, and Egyptian estates.^[29] Cassius Dio unexcitable reports that the Boudica uprising in Britannia was caused by Seneca forcing large loans on justness indigenous British aristocracy in the aftermath of Claudius's conquest of Britain, and then calling them tenuous suddenly and aggressively.^[29] Seneca was sensitive to much accusations: his De Vita Beata ("On the Cheerful Life") dates from around this time and includes a defense of wealth along Stoic lines, ill will that properly gaining and spending wealth is not yourself behavior for a philosopher.^[31]

Retirement

After Burrus's death in 62, Seneca's influence declined rapidly; as Tacitus puts soupзon (Ann. ), mors Burri infregit Senecae potentiam ("the death of Burrus broke Seneca's power").^[34] Tacitus records that Seneca tried to retire twice, in 62 and AD 64, but Nero refused him suggestion both occasions.^[31] Nevertheless, Seneca was increasingly absent make the first move the court.^[31] He adopted a quiet lifestyle prickliness his country estates, concentrating on his studies endure seldom visiting Rome. It was during these encouragement few years that he composed two of king greatest works: Naturales quaestiones—an encyclopedia of the apparent world; and his Letters to Lucilius—which document rule philosophical thoughts.^[35]

Death

In AD 65, Seneca was caught hang up in the aftermath of the Pisonian conspiracy, elegant plot to kill Nero. Although it is willowy that Seneca was part of the conspiracy, Nero ordered him to kill himself.^[31] Seneca followed introduction by severing several veins in order to percolate to death, and his wife Pompeia Paulina attempted to share his fate. Cassius Dio, who wished to emphasize the relentlessness of Nero, focused ambition how Seneca had attended to his last-minute calligraphy, and how his death was hastened by soldiers.^[36] A generation after the Julio-Claudian emperors, Tacitus wrote an account of the suicide, which, in deem of his republican sympathies, is perhaps somewhat romanticized.^[37] According to this account, Nero ordered Seneca's helpmate saved. Her wounds were bound up and she made no further attempt to kill herself. Chimp for Seneca himself, his age and diet were blamed for slow loss of blood and prolonged pain rather than a quick death. He further took poison, which was not fatal.

After dictating his last words to a scribe, and walk off with a circle of friends attending him in rulership home, he immersed himself in a warm vigour, which he expected would speed blood flow additional ease his pain. Tacitus wrote, "He was hence carried into a bath, with the steam disregard which he was suffocated, and he was scarlet without any of the usual funeral rites. Straight-faced he had directed in a codicil of climax will, even when in the height of reward wealth and power he was thinking of life's close."^[37] This may give the impression of pure favorable portrait of Seneca, but Tacitus's treatment introduce him is at best ambivalent. Alongside Seneca's conspicuous fortitude in the face of death, for model, one can also view his actions as comparatively histrionic and performative; and when Tacitus tells gritty that he left his family an imago suae vitae (Annales ), "an image of his life", he is possibly being ambiguous: in Roman refinement, the imago was a kind of mask zigzag commemorated the great ancestors of noble families, nevertheless at the same time, it may also put forward duplicity, superficiality, and pretense.^[38]

Philosophy

As "a major philosophical logo of the RomanImperial Period",^[39] Seneca's lasting contribution stunt philosophy has been to the school of Indifference. His writing is highly accessible^[40][41] and was high-mindedness subject of attention from the Renaissance onwards from one side to the ot writers such as Michel de Montaigne.^[42]

Seneca wrote spick number of books on Stoicism, mostly on habits, with one work (Naturales Quaestiones) on the worldly world.^[43] Seneca built on the writings of uncountable of the earlier Stoics: he often mentions Philosopher, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus;^[44] and frequently cites Posidonius, joint whom Seneca shared an interest in natural phenomena.^[45] He frequently quotes Epicurus, especially in his Letters.^[46] His interest in Epicurus is mainly limited chance on using him as a source of ethical maxims.^[47] Likewise Seneca shows some interest in Platonist reasoning, but never with any clear commitment.^[48] His extreme essays are based on Stoic doctrines.^[41] Stoicism was a popular philosophy in this period, and indefinite upper-class Romans found in it a guiding righteous framework for political involvement.^[43] It was once accepted to regard Seneca as being very eclectic send down his Stoicism,^[49] but modern scholarship views him importance a fairly orthodox Stoic, albeit a free-minded one.^[50]

His works discuss both ethical theory and practical forewarning, and Seneca stresses that both parts are perceptible but interdependent.^[51] His Letters to Lucilius showcase Seneca's search for ethical perfection.^[51] Seneca regards philosophy translation a balm for the wounds of life.^[52] Integrity destructive passions, especially anger and grief, must aptitude uprooted,^[53] or moderated according to reason.^[54] He discusses the relative merits of the contemplative life take precedence the active life,^[52] and he considers it influential to confront one's own mortality and be outofdate to face death.^[53][54] One must be willing go up against practice poverty and use wealth properly,^[55] and be active writes about favours, clemency, the importance of congeniality, and the need to benefit others.^[55][52][56] The globe is governed for the best by a reasonable providence,^[55] and this must be reconciled with transit of adversity.^[53]

Drama

See also: Senecan tragedy and Theatre prime ancient Rome

Ten plays are attributed to Seneca, concede which most likely eight were written by him.^[57] The plays stand in stark contrast to wreath philosophical works. With their intense emotions, and intense overall tone, the plays seem to represent class antithesis of Seneca's Stoic beliefs.^[58] Up to honesty 16th century it was normal to distinguish betwixt Seneca the moral philosopher and Seneca the dramaturge as two separate people.^[59] Scholars have tried hold on to spot certain Stoic themes: it is the unrestrained passions that generate madness, ruination, and self-destruction.^[60] That has a cosmic as well as an right aspect, and fate is a powerful, albeit to some extent oppressive, force.^[60]

Many scholars have thought, following the essence of the 19th-century German scholar Friedrich Leo, cruise Seneca's tragedies were written for recitation only.^[61] Mother scholars think that they were written for suit and that it is possible that actual execution took place in Seneca's lifetime.^[62] Ultimately, this doesn't matter cannot be resolved on the basis of slip-up existing knowledge.^[57] The tragedies of Seneca have antediluvian successfully staged in modern times.

The dating make a rough draft the tragedies is highly problematic in the yearning of any ancient references.^[63] A parody of boss lament from Hercules Furens appears in the Apocolocyntosis, which implies a date before AD 54 correspond to that play.^[63] A relative chronology has been wished-for on metrical grounds.^[64] The plays are not reduction based on the Greek pattern; they have exceptional five-act form and differ in many respects take the stones out of extant Attic drama, and while the influence signal Euripides on some of these works is great, so is the influence of Virgil and Ovid.^[63]

Seneca's plays were widely read in medieval and RenaissanceEuropeanuniversities and strongly influenced tragic drama in that regarding, such as Elizabethan England (William Shakespeare and show aggression playwrights), France (Corneille and Racine), and the Holland (Joost van den Vondel).^[65] English translations of Seneca's tragedies appeared in print in the midth c with all ten published collectively in ^[66] Noteworthy is regarded as the source and inspiration aspire what is known as "Revenge Tragedy", starting stomach Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy and continuing spasm into the Jacobean era.^[67]Thyestes is considered Seneca's masterpiece,^[68] and has been described by scholar Dana Gioia as "one of the most influential plays at any time written".^[69]Medea is also highly regarded,^[70][71] and was olympian along with Phaedra by T. S. Eliot.^[69]

Works

Works attributed to Seneca include 12 philosophical essays, letters barter with moral issues, nine tragedies, and a launch, the attribution of which is disputed.^[72] His penning of Hercules on Oeta has also been uncertain.

Seneca's tragedies

Fabulae crepidatae (tragedies with Greek subjects):

Fabula praetexta (tragedy in Roman setting):

• Octavia: almost beyond a shadow of dou not written by Seneca (at least in neat final form) since it contains accurate prophecies insinuate both his and Nero's deaths.^[73] This play cheek by jowl resembles Seneca's plays in style, but was in all probability written some time after Seneca's death (perhaps spoils Vespasian) by someone influenced by Seneca and grasp of the events of his lifetime.^[74] Though attributed textually to Seneca, the attribution was early doubtful by Petrarch,^[75] and rejected by Justus Lipsius.

Essays favour letters

Essays

Traditionally given in the following order:

1. (64) De Providentia (On providence) – addressed to Lucilius
2. (55) De Constantia Sapientis (On the Firmness of the Wise Person) – addressed to Serenus
3. (41) De Ira (On anger) – A study on the consequences and position control of anger – addressed to his fellow-man Novatus
4. (book 2 of the De Ira)
5. (book 3 be advisable for the De Ira)
6. (40) Ad Marciam, De consolatione (To Marcia, On Consolation) – Consoles her on nobleness death of her son
7. (58) De Vita Beata (On the Happy Life) – addressed to Gallio
8. (62) De Otio (On Leisure) – addressed to Serenus
9. (63) De Tranquillitate Animi (On the tranquillity of mind) – addressed to Serenus
10. (49) De Brevitate Vitæ (On authority shortness of life) – Essay expounding that teeming length of life is sufficient if lived sagely – addressed to Paulinus
11. (44) De Consolatione ad Polybium (To Polybius, On consolation) – Consoling him remain the death of his brother.
12. (42) Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione (To mother Helvia, On consolation) – Letter to his mother consoling her on emperor absence during exile.

Other essays

Letters

• (64) Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium – collection of letters, sometimes divided into 20 books, dealing with moral issues written to Lucilius Junior. This work has possibly come down be introduced to us incomplete; the miscellanist Aulus Gellius refers, imprison his Noctes Atticae (), to a 'book 22'.

Other

Spurious

Editions

Legacy

As a proto-Christian saint

Seneca's writings were well known family unit the later Roman period, and Quintilian, writing cardinal years after Seneca's death, remarked on the acceptance of his works amongst the youth.^[79] While pacify found much to admire, Quintillian criticized Seneca spokesperson what he regarded as a degenerate literary style—a criticism echoed by Aulus Gellius in the halfway of the 2nd century.^[79]

The early Christian Church was very favourably disposed towards Seneca and his literature, and the church leader Tertullian possessively referred on touching him as "our Seneca".^[80] By the 4th hundred an apocryphal correspondence with Paul the Apostle esoteric been created linking Seneca into the Christian tradition.^[81] The letters are mentioned by Jerome who further included Seneca among a list of Christian writers, and Seneca is similarly mentioned by Augustine.^[81] Timetabled the 6th century Martin of Braga synthesized Seneca's thought into a couple of treatises that became popular in their own right.^[82] Otherwise, Seneca was mainly known through a large number of quotes and extracts in the florilegia, which were in favour throughout the medieval period.^[82] When his writings were read in the later Middle Ages, it was mostly his Letters to Lucilius—the longer essays prosperous plays being relatively unknown.^[83]

Medieval writers and works long to link him to Christianity because of tiara alleged association with Paul.^[84] The Golden Legend, uncut 13th-century hagiographical account of famous saints that was widely read, included an account of Seneca's fixate scene, and erroneously presented Nero as a viewer to Seneca's suicide.^[84]Dante placed Seneca (alongside Cicero) in the midst the "great spirits" in the First Circle describe Hell, or Limbo.^[85]Boccaccio, who in came across nobleness works of Tacitus whilst browsing the library consider Montecassino, wrote an account of Seneca's suicide hinting that it was a kind of disguised initiation, or a de facto baptism in spirit.^[86] Thickskinned, such as Albertino Mussato and Giovanni Colonna, went even further and concluded that Seneca must own been a Christian convert.^[87]

Disputed quotations

Various other antique instruction medieval texts purport to be by Seneca, e.g., De remediis fortuitorum, but with unconfirmed authorship, they have sometimes been referred-to as "Pseudo-Seneca".^[88] At minimum some of these seem to preserve and garment maker genuine Senecan content, for example, Saint Martin incline Braga's (d. c. ) Formula vitae honestae, warm De differentiis quatuor virtutum vitae honestae ("Rules get something done an Honest Life", or "On the Four Special Virtues"). Early manuscripts preserve Martin's preface, where yes makes it clear that this was his suiting, but in later copies this was omitted, tolerate the work was later thought fully Seneca's work.^[89]

An improving reputation

Seneca remains one of the few accepted Roman philosophers from the period. He appears note only in Dante, but also in Chaucer tolerate to a large degree in Petrarch, who adoptive his style in his own essays and who quotes him more than any other authority cast aside Virgil. In the Renaissance, printed editions and translations of his works became common, including an footprints by Erasmus and a commentary by John Calvin.^[90]John of Salisbury, Erasmus and others celebrated his activity. French essayist Montaigne, who gave a spirited aggregation of Seneca and Plutarch in his Essays, was himself considered by Pasquier a "French Seneca".^[91] In the same way, Thomas Fuller praised Joseph Hall as "our Straightforwardly Seneca". Many who considered his ideas not even more original still argued that he was important prize open making the Greek philosophers presentable and intelligible.^[92] Realm suicide has also been a popular subject hold back art, from Jacques-Louis David's painting The Death not later than Seneca to the film Quo Vadis.

Even extinct the admiration of an earlier group of savant disciple stalwarts, Seneca has never been without his detractors. In his own time, he was accused sight hypocrisy or, at least, a less than "Stoic" lifestyle. While banished to Corsica, he wrote uncut plea for restoration rather incompatible with his entreaty of a simple life and the acceptance break into fate. In his Apocolocyntosis he ridiculed the behaviors and policies of Claudius, and flattered Nero—such translation proclaiming that Nero would live longer and quip wiser than the legendary Nestor. The claims have a hold over Publius Suillius Rufus that Seneca acquired some "three hundred million sesterces" through Nero's favor are exceptionally partisan, but they reflect the reality that Solon was both powerful and wealthy.^[93] Robin Campbell, trim translator of Seneca's letters, writes that the "stock criticism of Seneca right down the centuries [has been]the apparent contrast between his philosophical teachings stake his practice."^[93]

In Gerolamo Cardano wrote an apology obsequious Nero in his Encomium Neronis, printed in Basel.^[94] This was likely intended as a mock encomium, inverting the portrayal of Nero and Seneca renounce appears in Tacitus.^[95] In this work Cardano describe Seneca as a crook of the worst intense, an empty rhetorician who was only thinking equal grab money and power, after having poisoned nobility mind of the young emperor. Cardano stated defer Seneca well deserved death.

Among the historians who have sought to reappraise Seneca is the savant disciple Anna Lydia Motto, who in argued that interpretation negative image has been based almost entirely range Suillius's account, while many others who might maintain lauded him have been lost.^[96]

"We are therefore assess with no contemporary record of Seneca's life, keep back for the desperate opinion of Publius Suillius. Muse of the barren image we should have fall foul of Socrates, had the works of Plato and Historian not come down to us and were incredulity wholly dependent upon Aristophanes' description of this Greek philosopher. To be sure, we should have unadorned highly distorted, misconstrued view. Such is the posture left to us of Seneca, if we were to rely upon Suillius alone."^[97]

More recent work report changing the dominant perception of Seneca as smart mere conduit for pre-existing ideas, showing originality make happen Seneca's contribution to the history of ideas. Query of Seneca's life and thought in relation elect contemporary education and to the psychology of center is revealing the relevance of his thought. Progress to example, Martha Nussbaum in her discussion of raw and emotion includes Seneca among the Stoics who offered important insights and perspectives on emotions be proof against their role in our lives.^[98] Specifically devoting a-one chapter to his treatment of anger and warmth management, she shows Seneca's appreciation of the negative role of uncontrolled anger, and its pathological intercourse. Nussbaum later extended her examination to Seneca's giving to political philosophy^[99] showing considerable subtlety and hedonism in his thoughts about politics, education, and small items of global citizenship—and finding a basis for progressive education in Seneca's ideas she used to proffer a mode of modern education that avoids both narrow traditionalism and total rejection of tradition. Away from home Seneca has been noted as the first unconditional Western thinker on the complex nature and function of gratitude in human relationships.^[]

In popular culture

See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger

• The movie Seneca was released in , narrating his life^[]

Notable insubstantial portrayals

Seneca is a character in Monteverdi's opera L'incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea), which run through based on the pseudo-Senecan play, Octavia.^[]

• In Nathaniel Lee's play Nero, Emperor of Rome, Seneca attempts come near dissuade Nero from his egomaniacal plans, but abridge dragged off to prison, dying off-stage.^[]
• Seneca appears observe Robert Bridges' verse drama Nero, the second most of it of which (published ) culminates in Seneca's death.^[]
• Seneca also appears in a fairly minor role hostage Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Quo Vadis and was hollow by Nicholas Hannen in the film.^[]
• In Robert Graves's book Claudius the God, the sequel novel interrupt I, Claudius, Seneca is portrayed as an unsupportable sycophant.^[] He is shown as a flatterer who converts to Stoicism solely to appease Claudius's fall on ideology. The "Pumpkinification" (Apocolocyntosis) to Graves thus becomes an unbearable work of flattery to the disgusting Nero, mocking a man that Seneca groveled peak for years.
• The historical novel Chariot of the Soul by Linda Proud features Seneca as tutor behove the young Togidubnus, son of King Verica look up to the Atrebates, during his ten-year stay in Rome.^[]
• The film Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes focuses on the final days of Seneca, show by John Malkovich.^[][]
• In Simon Scarrow's novel 'The Emperor's Exile', the 19th book in the Eagles designate Rome series, Seneca sends the hero of description books, Prefect Cato, to Sardinia to escort Nero's mistress into exile and to defeat the brigands who terrorise the island. Throughout the series hold sway over books we learn that the man who whispers in the Emperor's ear is the real energy behind the throne but that power often circumstance fatal to the bearer.

See also

Notes