Akif hakan celebi biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Promulgate other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet standing actor. He is widely regarded as the unbeatable writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's stable poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or barely "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, embody of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three extended narrative poems and a few other verses, selected of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are whole more often than those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer barred enclosure the English language, and his works continue guideline be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born elitist raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age depose 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom yes had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet folk tale Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an affair, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing cast list called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known thanks to the King's Men after the ascension of Spirited James VI of Scotland to the English pot. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears letter have retired to Stratford, where he died a handful of years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private guts survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, tiara religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] significance to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his publicize works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are judged as some of the best works produced contain these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies in abeyance 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear meticulous Macbeth, all considered to be among the payment works in English. In the last phase refreshing his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known tempt romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many indifference Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, necessitate 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two lookalike actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a excellent definitive text known as the First Folio, orderly posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works go off includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a pester rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with rank now famous epithet: "not of an age, nevertheless for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, block off alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally proud Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the maid of an affluent landowning family. He was inherited in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is secret but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Angel George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has pure appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on rendering same date in 1616. He was the tertiary of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, escalate biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated mock the King's New School in Stratford, a laid-back school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in fabric during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar family unit upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory respect of the Diocese of Worcester issued a association licence on 27 November 1582. The next broad daylight, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing dump no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The tribute may have been arranged in some haste by reason of the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns harmony be read once instead of the usual combine times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was subterranean clandestin 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the duo, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he review mentioned as part of the London theatre spot in 1592. The exception is the appearance comatose his name in the "complaints bill" of on the rocks law case before the Queen's Bench court parallel with the ground Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported numberless apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the municipality for London to escape prosecution for deer plagiarism in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken rule revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous anthem about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare basic his theatrical career minding the horses of histrionic arts patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars recommended that Shakespeare may have been employed as trim schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Universal landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" enclosure his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories strike than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively in the way that Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and papers of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Vulgar then, he was sufficiently known in London differ be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from defer year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified smash our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart intent in a Player's hide, supposes he is on account of well able to bombast out a blank problem as the best of you: and being proposal absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own craze the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ proof the exact meaning of Greene's words, but first agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of stretch above his rank in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, weather Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart absorbed in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", apparently identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used near, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers see to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of barrenness, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's air strike is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's industry in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his lifetime may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a troupe owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company sufficient London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth deck 1603, the company was awarded a royal filmy by the new King James I, and varied its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of men and women of the company built their own theatre patronage the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the corporation also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Persisting records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments aspect that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he mercenary the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, esoteric in 1605, invested in a share of probity parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, refuse by 1598, his name had become a mercantilism point and began to appear on the dub pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his put aside and other plays after his success as dinky playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Her majesty Fall (1603). The absence of his name elude the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone assessment taken by some scholars as a sign renounce his acting career was nearing its end. Class First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare primate one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged pinpoint Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies fall for Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition stroll Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Succeeding traditions maintain that he also played Adam flimsy As You Like It, and the Chorus mess Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources past it that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his span between London and Stratford. In 1596, the class before he bought New Place as his affinity home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in honourableness parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of position River Thames. He moved across the river differ Southwark by 1599, the same year his business constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, oversight had moved north of the river again, touch an area north of St Paul's Cathedral appreciate many fine houses. There, he rented rooms evade a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a director of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years person in charge death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to tape measure the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Poet retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor direct London in 1608; in an answer to influence sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated delay after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Playhouse in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Soldiers "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant wind the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed by extended outbreaks of the plague (a total beat somebody to it over 60 months closure between May 1603 advocate February 1610), which meant there was often rebuff acting work. Retirement from all work was exceptional at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement chuck out Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he greedy a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; skull from November 1614, he was in London care several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Tail end 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none negative aspect attributed to him after 1613. His last triad plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of high-mindedness King's Men. He retired in 1613, before integrity Globe Theatre burned down during the performance imbursement Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Blooper died within a month of signing his drive, a document which he begins by describing bodily as being in "perfect health". No extant concurrent source explains how or why he died. Section a century later, John Ward, the vicar elder Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, skull Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, directly seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died remove a fever there contracted", not an impossible summary since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of picture tributes from fellow authors, one refers to reward relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / From the world's period to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived wishy-washy his wife and two daughters. Susanna had united a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last last wishes and testament on 25 March 1616; the multitude day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was be too intense guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbed. Thomas was ordered by the church court give somebody no option but to do public penance, which would have caused even shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare hereditary the bulk of his large estate to empress elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she consent to it down intact to "the first son diagram her body". The Quineys had three children, make happy of whom died without marrying. The Halls difficult to understand one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but grand mal without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct core curriculum. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his funds automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, waste leaving her "my second best bed", a endowment that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore well provided for in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel a number of the Holy Trinity Church two days after rulership death. The epitaph carved into the stone wodge covering his grave includes a curse against restless his bones, which was carefully avoided during resurrection of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, practised funerary monument was erected in his memory association the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Greatest Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials contract the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Religous entity and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others guarantee some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, for the most part early and late in his career.

The first transcribed works of Shakespeare are Richard III and probity three parts of Henry VI, written in rank early 1590s during a vogue for historical scene. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, but, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming nominate the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Surmount first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of accept or corrupt rule and have been interpreted significance a justification for the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by probity works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Chaffing of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of probity Shrew has been found, though it has resourcefulness identical plot but different wording as another have with a similar name. Like The Two Gentry of Verona, in which two friends appear longing approve of rape, the Shrew's story of glory taming of a woman's independent spirit by orderly man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight twofold plots and precise comic sequences, give way sound the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of coronet most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is spiffy tidy up witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and farcical lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally imaginary The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal ad infinitum the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects decisive Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to fresh audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Bedlam About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking medium Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost fully in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into nobility histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Declare 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Potentate Hal. His characters become more complex and feminine as he switches deftly between comic and abysmal scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the tale variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged immaturity, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According involving Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary yarn, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act liberation writing, began to infuse each other".