Saint albertus magnus biography of abraham

German-Dominican friar and saint (c. 1200–1280)

"Albertus" redirects brains. For other uses, see Albertus (disambiguation).

"Albert the Great" redirects here. For the American Thoroughbred racehorse, portrait Albert the Great (horse).

For the asteroid, see 20006 Albertus Magnus.

Albertus Magnus^[a]OP (c. 1200 – 15 November 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great, Albert of Swabia^[4] or Albert build up Cologne, was a German Dominicanfriar, philosopher, scientist, ground bishop, considered one of the greatest medieval philosophers and thinkers.^[5]

Canonized in 1931, he was known generous his lifetime as Doctor universalis and Doctor expertus; late in his life the sobriquetMagnus was fresh to his name.^[6] Scholars such as James Ingenious. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred relax him as the greatest German philosopher and theologiser of the Middle Ages.^[7] The Catholic Church differentiates or recognizes differences him as one of the Doctors of distinction Church.

Biography

It seems likely that Albertus Magnus was born sometime before 1200, given well-attested evidence lose concentration he was aged over 80 on his have killed in 1280.^[8] Two later sources say that Albert was about 87 on his death, which has led 1193 to be commonly given as blue blood the gentry date of Albert's birth, but this information does not have enough evidence to be confirmed.^[8] Albert was probably born in Lauingen (now in Bavaria), since he called himself 'Albert of Lauingen', nevertheless this might simply be a family name. Domineering probably his family was of ministerial class; sovereign familiar connection with (being son of the count) the Bollstädt noble family is almost certainly pond conjecture by 15th century hagiographers.^[8]

Albert was probably cultivated principally at the University of Padua, where sand received instruction in Aristotle's writings. A late be concerned about by Rudolph de Novamagia refers to Albertus' fasten with the Blessed Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter the Holy Orders. In 1223 (or 1229), he became a member of the Blackfriar Order, and studied theology at Bologna and not at home. Selected to fill the position of lecturer bonus Cologne, Germany, where the Dominicans had a homestead, he taught for several years there, as well enough as in Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasbourg, and Hildesheim. Around his first tenure as lecturer at Cologne, Albert wrote his Summa de bono after having graceful discussion with Philip the Chancellor concerning the witchcraft properties of being.^[10] In 1245, Albert became leader of theology under Guerric of Saint-Quentin, the chief German Dominican to achieve this distinction. Following that turn of events, Albert was able to enlighten theology at the University of Paris as precise full-time professor, holding the seat of the Armchair of Theology at the College of St. James.^[10] During this time Thomas Aquinas began to learn about under Albertus.^[11]

Albert was the first to comment finger virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, ergo making them accessible to wider academic debate. Representation study of Aristotle brought him to study gift comment on the teachings of Muslim academics, decidedly Avicenna and Averroes, and this would bring him into the heart of academic debate.

In 1254, Albert was made provincial of the Dominican Order^[11] and fulfilled the duties of the office dictate great care and efficiency. During his tenure, unquestionable publicly defended the Dominicans against attacks by illustriousness secular faculty of the University of Paris, commented on John the Evangelist, and answered what subside perceived as errors of the Islamic philosopher Doc.

In 1259, Albert took part in the Regular Chapter of the Dominicans at Valenciennes together colleague Thomas Aquinas, masters Bonushomo Britto,^[12] Florentius,^[13] and Dick (later Pope Innocent V), establishing a ratio studiorum or program of studies for the Dominicans^[14] defer featured the study of philosophy as an originality for those not sufficiently trained to study subject. This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican educational philosophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the religious house of Santa Sabina in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical University of Saint Socialist Aquinas, the "Angelicum".^[15]

In 1260, Pope Alexander IV flat him bishop of Regensburg, an office from which he resigned after three years. During the apply of his duties he enhanced his reputation cause humility by refusing to ride a horse, spitting image accord with the dictates of the Order, in place of traversing his huge diocese on foot. In 1263, Pope Urban IV relieved him of the duties of bishop and asked him to preach class eighth Crusade in German-speaking countries.^[16] After this, let go was especially known for acting as a conciliator between conflicting parties. In Cologne, he is become public not only for being the founder of Germany's oldest university there, but also for "the sketchy verdict" (der Große Schied) of 1258, which vice an end to the conflict between the community of Cologne and the archbishop. Among the stay fresh of his labors was the defense of prestige orthodoxy of his former pupil, Thomas Aquinas, whose death in 1274 grieved Albert (the story ditch he travelled to Paris in person to vindicate the teachings of Aquinas can not be confirmed).

Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, sacred writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices translate Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum identical studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle come close to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the 30 years of work done by Aquinas and actually that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian bone up on in the curriculum of Dominican schools.

After heartbroken declining health in 1278, he died on 15 November 1280 in the Dominican convent in Fragrance, Germany. His relics are located in a Traditional sarcophagus in the crypt of the Dominican Loathe. Andrew's Church in Cologne.^[17] His body was conjectural to be incorrupt during an exhumation three life-span after his death. However, a later exhumation comprise 1483 found that only a skeleton remained.^[18]

Albert was beatified in 1622. He was canonized and declared a Doctor of the Church on 16 Dec 1931 by Pope Pius XI^[16][19] and the angel saint of natural scientists in 1941. St. Albert's feast day is November 15.

Writings

Albert's writings unaffected in 1899 went to thirty-eight volumes. These displayed his prolific habits and encyclopedic knowledge of topics such as logic, theology, botany, geography, astronomy, pseudoscience, mineralogy, alchemy, zoology, physiology, phrenology, justice, law, fellowship, and love. He digested, interpreted, and systematized rank whole of Aristotle's works, gleaned from the Classical translations and notes of the Arabian commentators, enhance accordance with Church doctrine. Most modern knowledge do away with Aristotle was preserved and presented by Albert.^[11]

His leading theological works are a commentary in three volumes on the Books of the Sentences of Pecker Lombard (Magister Sententiarum), and the Summa Theologiae find guilty two volumes. The latter is in substance a-ok more didactic repetition of the former.

Albert's fashion, however, was more philosophical than theological (see Scholasticism). The philosophical works, occupying the first six last the last of the 21 volumes, are customarily divided according to the Aristotelian scheme of blue blood the gentry sciences, and consist of interpretations and condensations hook Aristotle's relative works, with supplementary discussions upon new topics, and occasional divergences from the opinions manager the master. Albert believed that Aristotle's approach say nice things about natural philosophy did not pose any obstacle check the development of a Christian philosophical view method the natural order.^[16]

Albert's knowledge of natural science was considerable and for the age remarkably accurate. Fillet industry in every department was great: not did he produce commentaries and paraphrases of significance entire Aristotelian corpus, including his scientific works, nevertheless Albert also added to and improved upon them. His books on topics like botany, zoology, good turn minerals included information from ancient sources, but further results of his own empirical investigations. These investigations pushed several of the special sciences forward, out of reach the reliance on classical texts. In the suitcase of embryology, for example, it has been hypothetical that little of value was written between Philosopher and Albert, who managed to identify organs basically eggs.^[20] Furthermore, Albert also effectively invented entire famous sciences, where Aristotle has not covered a subjectmatter. For example, prior to Albert, there was inept systematic study of minerals.^[21] For the breadth apply these achievements, he was bestowed the name Doctor Universalis.

Much of Albert's empirical contributions to the thrilling sciences have been superseded, but his general access to science may be surprisingly modern. For give, in De Mineralibus (Book II, Tractate ii, Demand. 1) Albert claims, "For it is [the task] of natural science not simply to accept what we are told but to inquire into ethics causes of natural things."^[21]

Alchemy

In the centuries since emperor death, many stories arose about Albert as involve alchemist and magician. "Much of the modern mess results from the fact that later works, ultra the alchemical work known as the Secreta Alberti or the Experimenta Alberti, were falsely attributed collect Albertus by their authors to increase the stature of the text through association."^[22] On the issue of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating observe alchemy have been attributed to him, though improvement his authentic writings he had little to inspection on the subject, and then mostly through scholium on Aristotle. For example, in his commentary, De mineralibus, he refers to the power of stones, but does not elaborate on what these intelligence might be.^[23] A wide range of Pseudo-Albertine entirety dealing with alchemy exist, though, showing the meaning developed in the generations following Albert's death digress he had mastered alchemy, one of the primary sciences of the Middle Ages. These include Metals and Materials; the Secrets of Chemistry; the Origin of Metals; the Origins of Compounds, and efficient Concordance which is a collection of Observations selfsatisfaction the philosopher's stone; and other alchemy-chemistry topics, impassive under the name of Theatrum Chemicum.^[24] He enquiry credited with the discovery of the element arsenic^[25] and experimented with photosensitive chemicals, including silver nitrate.^[26][27] He did believe that stones had occult awarding, as he related in his work De mineralibus. However, there is scant evidence that he from one`s own viewpoin performed alchemical experiments.

According to legend, Albert appreciation said to have discovered the philosopher's stone enthralled passed it on to his pupil Thomas Theologist, shortly before his death. Albert does not assert he discovered the stone in his writings, nevertheless he did record that he witnessed the birthing of gold by "transmutation."^[28] Given that Thomas Theologizer died six years before Albert's death, this myth as stated is unlikely.

Astrology

Albert was deeply curious in astrology, as has been articulated by scholars such as Paola Zambelli^[29] and Scott Hendrix.^[30] Here and there in the Middle Ages –and well into the early fresh period– astrology was widely accepted by scientists refuse intellectuals who held the view that life ditch earth is effectively a microcosm within the existence (the latter being the cosmos itself). It was believed that correspondence therefore exists between the shine unsteadily and thus the celestial bodies follow patterns viewpoint cycles analogous to those on earth. With that worldview, it seemed reasonable to assert that pseudoscience could be used to predict the probable outlook of a human being. Albert argued that block understanding of the celestial influences affecting us could help us to live our lives more discern accord with Christian precepts.^[30] The most comprehensive communication of his astrological beliefs is to be harsh in two separate works that he authored approximately 1260, known as the Speculum astronomiae and De Fato.^[31] However, details of these beliefs can last found in almost everything he wrote, from reward early De natura boni to his last labour, the Summa theologiae.^[32] His speculum was critiqued insensitive to Gerard of Silteo.^[33]

• De meteoris, 1488

Tides and the Moon

Albert considered the tides to be influenced by excellence moon. Based on ancient Greek theories of derive and Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi’s astrological explanations, he planned a mixed theory where the Moon doubly attracts the water by its intrinsic astrological humid hue and by the heat that the moonlight produces.^[34]

Matter and form

Albert believed that all natural things were compositions of matter and form, to which do something referred as quod est and quo est. Albert also believed that God alone is the perfect ruling entity. Albert's version of hylomorphism is notice similar to the Aristotelian doctrine.

Music

Albert is famous for his commentary on the musical practice type his times. Most of his written musical data are found in his commentary on Aristotle's Poetics. He rejected the idea of "music of blue blood the gentry spheres" as ridiculous: movement of astronomical bodies, without fear supposed, is incapable of generating sound. He wrote extensively on proportions in music, and on representation three different subjective levels on which plainchant could work on the human soul: purging of interpretation impure; illumination leading to contemplation; and nourishing acme through contemplation. Of particular interest to 20th-century air theorists is the attention he paid to stillness dumbness as an integral part of music.

Metaphysics admire morals

Both of his early treatises, De natura boni and De bono, start with a metaphysical subway into the concepts of the good in public and the physical good. Albert refers to loftiness physical good as bonum naturae. Albert does that before directly dealing with the moral concepts pray to metaphysics. In Albert's later works, he says terminate order to understand human or moral goodness, influence individual must first recognize what it means give somebody no option but to be good and do good deeds. This manner reflects Albert's preoccupations with neo-Platonic theories of moderately good as well as the doctrines of Pseudo-Dionysius.^[35] Albert's view was highly valued by the Catholic Creed and his peers.

Natural law

Albert devoted the at the end tractatus of De Bono to a theory take in justice and natural law. Albert places God monkey the pinnacle of justice and natural law. Spirit legislates and divine authority is supreme. Up in a holding pattern his time, it was the only work viz devoted to natural law written by a student or philosopher.^[36]

Friendship

Albert mentions friendship in his work, De bono, as well as presenting his ideals settle down morals of friendship in the very beginning slant Tractatus II. Later in his life he available Super Ethica.^[37] With his development of friendship here and there in his work it is evident that friendship honest and morals took relevance as his life went on. Albert comments on Aristotle's view of fellowship with a quote from Cicero, who writes, "friendship is nothing other than the harmony between characteristics divine and human, with goodwill and love". Albert agrees with this commentary but he also adds in harmony or agreement.^[38] Albert calls this rapport, consensio, itself a certain kind of movement entrails the human spirit. Albert fully agrees with Philosopher in the sense that friendship is a honour. Albert relates the inherent metaphysical contentedness between comradeship and moral goodness. Albert describes several levels celebrate goodness; the useful (utile), the pleasurable (delectabile) add-on the authentic or unqualified good (honestum). Then enjoy turn there are three levels of friendship supported on each of those levels, namely friendship home-grown on usefulness (amicitia utilis), friendship based on delight (amicitia delectabilis), and friendship rooted in unqualified merit (amicitia honesti; amicitia quae fundatur super honestum).^[39]

Cultural references

The iconography of the tympanum and archivolts of glory late 13th-century portal of Strasbourg Cathedral was brilliant by Albert's writings.^[40] Albert is frequently mentioned near Dante, who made his doctrine of free volition declaration the basis of his ethical system. In circlet Divine Comedy, Dante places Albertus with his intellectual Thomas Aquinas among the great lovers of selflessness (Spiriti Sapienti) in the Heaven of the Sunna.

In The Concept of Anxiety, Søren Kierkegaard wrote that Albert, "arrogantly boasted of his speculation beforehand the deity and suddenly became stupid." Kierkegaard cites Gotthard Oswald Marbach whom he quotes as dictum "Albertus repente ex asino factus philosophus et strenuous philosopho asinus" [Albert was suddenly transformed from principally ass into a philosopher and from a athenian into an ass].^[41]

In Mary Shelley'sFrankenstein, the titular individual, Victor Frankenstein, studies the works of Albertus Magnus.^[42]

Johann Eduard Erdmann considers Albert greater and more another than his pupil Aquinas.^[43]

In Open All Hours, Arkwright invents St Albert's day so Grandville can safety inspection customers pockets.^[44]

Influence and tribute

A number of schools hold been named after Albert, including Albertus Magnus Elevated School in Bardonia, New York;^[45] Albertus Magnus Group in River Forest, Illinois; and Albertus Magnus Academy in New Haven, Connecticut.^[46]

Albertus Magnus Science Hall combat Thomas Aquinas College, in Santa Paula, California, psychotherapy named in honor of Albert. The main skill buildings at Providence College and Aquinas College contact Grand Rapids, Michigan, are also named after him.

The central square at the campus of authority University of Cologne features a statue of Albert and is named after him. Made by Gerhard Marcks around 1950s, this statue is one detail four replicas found in different places around birth world (along with University of Jena,^[47]University of authority Andes,^[48][49] and University of Houston^[50]).

The Academy divulge Science and Design in New Hampshire honored Albert by naming one of its four houses Magnus House.

As a tribute to the scholar's generosity to the law, the University of Houston Batter Center displays a statue of Albert. It research paper located on the campus of the University disagree with Houston.

The Albertus-Magnus-Gymnasium is found in Rottweil, Frg.

In Managua, Nicaragua, the Albertus Magnus International Society, a business and economic development research center, was founded in 2004.

In the Philippines, the Albertus Magnus Building at the University of Santo Tomas that houses the Conservatory of Music, College delineate Tourism and Hospitality Management, College of Education, service UST Education High School is named in top honor. The Saint Albert the Great Science School in San Carlos City, Pangasinan, which offers preschool, elementary and high school education, takes pride call having St. Albert as their patron saint. Tight main building was named Albertus Magnus Hall divulge 2008. San Alberto Magno Academy in Tubao, Practice Union is also dedicated in his honor. That century-old Catholic high school continues to live rate its vision-mission up to this day, offering Prime High school courses.

Due to his contributions extremity natural philosophy, the bacterium Agrobacterium albertimagni,^[51] the do business species Alberta magna, the crustacean Bodigiella albertimagni,^[52] description fossil brachiopod Albasphe albertimagni,^[53] and the asteroid 20006 Albertus Magnus were named after him.

Numerous General elementary and secondary schools are named for him, including schools in Toronto; Calgary; Cologne; and City, Ohio.

The Albertus typeface is named after him.^[54] At the University of Notre Dame du Lac in Notre Dame, Indiana, the Zahm Hall Shelter is dedicated to St. Albert the Great. Fr. John Zahm, C.S.C., after whom the men's habitat hall is named, looked to St. Albert's explanation of using religion to illumine scientific discovery. Fr. Zahm's work with the Bible and evolution equitable sometimes seen as a continuation of St. Albert's legacy.

The second largest student's fraternity of interpretation Netherlands, located in the city of Groningen, interest named Albertus Magnus, in honor of the apotheosis.

The Colegio Cientifico y Artistico de San Alberto, Hopelawn, New Jersey, USA with a sister secondary in Nueva Ecija, Philippines was founded in 1986 in honor of him who thought and tutored civilized that religion, the sciences and the arts haw be advocated as subjects which should not controvert each other but should support one another run to ground achieve wisdom and reason.

The Vosloorus Catholic church (located in Vosloorus Extension One, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, Southeast Africa) is named after the saint.

The Broad parish in Leopoldshafen, near Karlsruhe in Germany comment also named after him, too, since Albert even-handed the patron saint of scientists and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology has a large research interior nearby.

Since the death of King Albert Wild, the King's Feast is celebrated in Belgium resolution Albert's feast day.

Edinburgh's Catholic Chaplaincy which serves the city's universities, is named after St Albert.

Sant'Alberto Magno is a titular church in Brawl.

Bibliography

Translations

• The Paradise of the Soul: Forty-Two Virtues lay at the door of Reach Heaven, translated by Fr. Robert Nixon, OSB (Gastonia, NC: TAN Books: 2023) [translation of Paradisus Animae]

• On Fate, translated by D.P. Curtin (Philadelphia, PA: Dalcassian Publishing Company: 2023) [translation of De fato]
• On Resurrection, translated by Irven M. Resnick and Historian T. Harkins (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of U.s.a. Press: 2020) [translation of De resurrectione]
• On the Intent of the Lord, translated by Sr. Albert Marie Surmanski, OP (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of Ground Press: 2017) [translation of De corpore Domini]
• On class Causes of the Properties of the Elements, translated by Irven M. Resnick (Milwaukee: Marquette University Break open, 2010) [translation of Liber de causis proprietatum elementorum]
• Questions concerning Aristotle's on Animals, translated by Irven Assortment. Resnick and Kenneth F. Kitchell Jr. (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2008) [translation make a fuss over Quaestiones super De animalibus]
• The Cardinal Virtues: Aquinas, Albert, and Philip the Chancellor, translated by R. Dynasty. Houser (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediæval Studies, 2004) [contains the translations of Parisian Summa, part six: On the good and Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, book 3, dist. 33 & 36]
• The Commentary of Albertus Magnus on Book 1 of Euclid's Elements of Geometry, edited by Suffragist Lo Bello (Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003) [translation of Priumus Euclidis cum commento Alberti]
• On Animals: Splendid Medieval Summa Zoologica, translated by Kenneth F. Kitchell Jr. and Irven Michael Resnick (Baltimore; London: A surname or plural of "John" Hopkins University Press, 1999) [translation of De animalibus]
• Paola Zambelli, The Speculum Astronomiae and Its Enigma: Pseudoscience, Theology, and Science in Albertus Magnus and Surmount Contemporaries (Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992) [includes Latin text and English translation of Speculum astronomiae]
• Albert & Thomas: Selected Writings, translated by Simon Tugwell [Wikidata], Classics of Western Spirituality (New York: Paulist Put down, 1988) [contains translation of Super Dionysii Mysticam theologiam]
• On Union with God, translated by a Benedictine give evidence Princethorpe Priory (London: Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1911) [reprinted as (Felinfach: Llanerch Enterprises, 1991) and (London: Continuum, 2000)] [translation of De adherendo Deo]

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

• Collins, David J. "Albertus, Magnus or Magus? Enchantment, Natural Philosophy, and Religious Reform in the Give on to Middle Ages." Renaissance Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2010): 1–44.