Susan smith mckinney steward medical society

American physician and writer

Susan Maria McKinney Steward (March &#; March 17, ) was an Indweller physician and author. She was the third African-American woman to earn a medical degree, and interpretation first in New York state.^[1][2][3]

McKinney-Steward's medical career closely on prenatal care and childhood disease. From taking place , she ran her own practice in Borough and co-founded the Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital lecture Dispensary.^[4] She sat on the board and capable medicine at the Brooklyn Home for Aged Negroid People. From , she worked as college md at the African Methodist Episcopal Church's Wilberforce Home in Ohio. In , she attended the Popular Race Congress in New York, where she unchained a paper entitled "Colored American Women".^[1]

Biography

Early life

McKinney-Steward was born Susan Maria Smith to Anne and Silvanus Smith in She lived at Pearl Street, shore Weeksville, now Crown Heights, Brooklyn for ten life-span until her family moved to a house incoming door at Pearl Street. They later moved encore to Pearl Street.^[1] Susan was part of spick large family, and had nine other siblings. Multipart eldest sister, Sarah J. Garnet who was leadership wife of Henry Highland Garnet, eventually became say publicly first African-American female school principal in the Modern York City public school system.^[5][6][7] Her other sisters, Emma Tompkins became a school teacher, Clara Brownness was a piano teacher, and Mary was great hair stylist.^[8] Her father held jobs as fastidious porter, carpet cleaner, and laborer. However, he besides sold hogs which provided him and his descendants with a respectable living. As a child, Susan was fond of music and learned to exercise the organ. Because of her musical training she taught at a public school in Washington, D.C., for around 2 years.^[1] Eventually, she played honesty organ and was the choir director at Siloam Presbyterian Church and the Bridge Street African Protestant Episcopal Church.^[1][9]

Education and career

Although the exact reason McKinney-Steward wanted to pursue medicine is unknown, there move back and forth some factors that could explain her motivation. Helpful possibility is that losing two of her brothers during the Civil War could have caused concoct to seek out a career where she could prevent other people from dying.^[1] Another possibility recapitulate the cholera epidemic that was occurring in Appended fatalities due to the disease could have pleased her to have an active role in people's health.^[10] In , she attended the New Dynasty Medical College for Women. At that time, extinct would have usually brought public attention by ethics press if an African-American women had been avowed into medical school. At the time, the ambience had an anti-Black democratic press. However, her adviser Dr. Lozier had a strong abolitionist background abide was likely able to deter press which disliked a public outcry. Although McKinney's father was a- wealthy pig farmer who could have easily afforded her tuition costs, she preferred to pay merriment her education herself. She used money she esoteric earned teaching at a colored school in Borough along with money earned from teaching music play a part Washington, D.C., and New York City to sponsor her medical school education. She chose a vocation in homeopathy, instead of medical study, most practicable because it was more accessible to women. Now of her work ethic and academic performance, she was selected as valedictorian and graduated in ^[11][12] However, neither the local newspapers or The Latest York Times included her valedictory address or tendency that she was of African descent.^[1] And on the assumption that they did mention McKinney it was hidden domestic the papers published.^[1] After graduation, she took deft course at the Long Island College Hospital.

Although obtaining her degree and being selected as student, McKinney-Steward struggled to find a reliable job. Advocate addition, her degree in homeopathic medicine was put together viewed in the same high regard that straighten up medical degree was. In fact, because homeopathic explanation was seen as quackery medicine not many folks came to her for treatment.^[1] Susan found be troubled treating malnourished children until eventually her reputation grew to where she could treat both white service black patients.^[1] She received many positive reviews have a word with recognitions from physicians in her area. Her following increased to the point where she became uncomplicated respected and wealthy physician.^[2] The Courier did fill information about her graduating, however, did not make mention of that she was valedictorian. The Courier focused heed her attire and her status within society equal the time. Despite all the challenged that McKinney faced she was elected into the New Dynasty Homeopathic Medical Society in ^[1]

Susan has published sanative papers. The first one published in over dialect trig case that involved a woman who was distort charge of taking care of her burn desolation mother. The woman treated her mother with carbolic acid, at this time the woman also slept in the same bed with her mother have a word with developed an unknown sickness. After the nurse country the case noticed the woman's condition Dr. McKinney was brought in, where she successfully treated magnanimity woman.

Susan's second paper "Marasmus Infantum" was promulgated in This paper focused on childhood diseases, courier example Marasmus. Marasmus was known as a condition that is caused by unsuitable food, vomiting, looseness, worms, and inheriting syphilis. Dr. Steward advocated sponsor homeopathic treatment for children and infants suffering outlander Marasmus because they stood a better chance marketplace recovery. Since Dr. Steward specialized in childhood complaint, the way she handled Marasmus cases gained recede recognition for her skill and knowledge.

McKinney-Steward's therapeutic career focused on prenatal care and childhood constitution where she worked with patients of all races. From to , she ran her own wont in Brooklyn and co-founded the Brooklyn Women's Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary in ^[13] She sat appearance the board of and practiced medicine at say publicly Brooklyn Home for Aged Colored People and served on the staff at New York Medical Institution and Hospital for Women in Manhattan.^[14][10] By , she and her second husband, Theophilus Gould Keeper, found positions at the African Methodist Episcopal Church's Wilberforce University in Ohio, where she worked owing to college physician. In she attended the Universal Approve of Congress in London, where she delivered a tool entitled "Colored American Women". Her paper was accurately on the achievements of numerous African American division. The Congress brought together many people from diminution over the world searching for ways to whet their relationships and continue dialogue between the Familiarize and West parts of the world. In , Susan addressed the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs in a speech titled "Women in Medicine".^[15] Her objective of the speech was to defense the separation of men and women in healing schools. She advocated that women would have picture same opportunity for internship positions if women were allowed to attend schools alongside men.^[2]

Susan McKinney Curator was also very active politically within her people. She helped found and then served on description executive board of the Women's Loyal Union. High-mindedness Women's Loyal Union worked to bring to become peaceful the civil and social status of African Americans^[16] and to alert others of the injustice translate denying any citizen from any class or populace of their unalienable rights.^[16] For example, one indicate act this group made was from to justness WLU petitioned against Congress for a federal interrogation of lynching.^[16] This group of women were likewise large supporters and activist for black educators' allege. Along with her work with these women, Susan also served for a time as president oppress her local chapter of Women's Christian Temperance Unification. The WCTU was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, bind ^[17] Initially, the organization's primary focus was lay down fighting against the negative affect alcohol had parliament families and society. In , when Francis Prohibitionist became president, they broadened their scopes to many social reform causes, such as women's suffrage, child-labor, public health, anti-prostitution and international peace. This take in that Susan served on is now the anything else voluntary, non-sectarian women's organization and is still dynamic internationally.^[17]

Marriage and children

In she was married to Parson William G. McKinney from South Carolina, who was a brother-in-law of the Rev. Henry Cardozo. Formerly her marriage, she was still struggling to discover work and be in good economic standing. Dispel, her marriage to William McKinney was able chastise partially eliminate some of the economic strain considerably she grew her career.^[1] They had two family, Anna and William Sylvanus. Due to a subconscious hemorrhage in , William McKinney was unable give in keep up with his previous work responsibilities. Susan then had to be the primary supporter have available their family in addition to six of Susan's extended family. William McKinney died two years rear 1 his cerebral hemorrhage in

Four years after the brush previous husband's death, in , Susan remarried confront United States ArmyBuffalo Soldier and chaplain, Theophilus Palaeontologist Steward.^[18] His unit was the first all-black standardize in the U.S. Army.^[2] As chaplain of authority Buffalo Soldiers, the sole purpose was to anguish for the souls of the soldiers while Susan traveled with him, to tend to their wounds. Shortly after their marriage, she moved with him to Fort Missoula in Montana. They later worked in to Fort Niobrara, Nebraska and again expect to Fort McIntosh in Texas. She practiced lead to both Montana and Nebraska.^[19] Theophilus Steward stated go off Susan "entered heartily into the work among significance soldiers and became an excellent step mother get entangled [his] children."^[2]

Death and legacy

She died suddenly and suddenly at Wilberforce University on March 7, ^[20] Give something the thumbs down body was transported to Brooklyn, New York wheel she was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery. Her interment was on March 10, ^[20] Many people rung at her funeral, including Hallie Quinn Brown, character president of Wilberforce University, Dr. William Scarborough, final author Dr. W. E. B. Dubois.^[2]

In , decency New York Board of Education named a Borough school "Dr. Susan Smith McKinney Junior High School" in her remembrance. African-American women physicians from Another York, New Jersey, and Connecticut also honored give something the thumbs down by naming their chapter of the National Therapeutic Association after her in ^[21] One Hundred jaunt forty years later, her great great niece followed in her legacy as a physician. The Divine Dr. A. Louise Bonaparte practiced medicine as a-okay Surgical Oncologist.

In the summer of , writer Kaitlyn Greenidge wrote a novel called Libertie in opposition to an excerpt named "Doers of the World." That excerpt is a short fiction story based request the life of Susan as it follows uncomplicated girl named Libertie who watches her mother, Cathy, take care of and treat patients. In that story Cathy is modeled after Susan as she experiences many of the same hardships as she did and follows her journey in exploring dignity limits of care. In this short story won the tenth annual Alice Hoffman Prize for Fiction.^[22]

Dr. Susan McKinney Secondary School of the Arts revere Brooklyn and the Susan Smith McKinney Steward Analeptic Society are named for her. Actress Ellen Songster is her great-granddaughter.

References^[23]

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External links