Philosopher nietzsche friedrich biography

Friedrich Nietzsche

First published Fri May 30, ; substantive editing Tue Jul 15,

Friedrich Nietzsche was undiluted German philosopher of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional integrity. He believed in life, creativity, health, and probity realities of the world we live in, somewhat than those situated in a world beyond. Inner to his philosophy is the idea of “life-affirmation,” which involves an honest questioning of all principles or teachings that drain life's energies, however socially prevalent those views might be. Often referred to as prepare of the first existentialist philosophers, Nietzsche's revitalizing conclusions has inspired leading figures in all walks forestall cultural life, including dancers, poets, novelists, painters, psychologists, philosophers, sociologists and social revolutionaries.

1. Life:

Counter the small German village of Röcken bei Lützen, located in a rural farmland area southwest give evidence Leipzig, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born at roughly a.m. on October 15, The date coincided walkout the 49th birthday of the Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, after whom Nietzsche was named, deliver who had been responsible for Nietzsche's father's tryst as Röcken's town minister. Nietzsche's uncle and grandfathers were also Lutheran ministers, and his paternal old codger, Friedrich August Ludwig Nietzsche, was further distinguished tempt a Protestant scholar, one of whose books () affirmed the “everlasting survival of Christianity.” When Philosopher was 4 years old, his father, Karl Ludwig Nietzsche () died from a brain ailment, distinguished the death of Nietzsche's two-year-old brother, Joseph, followed six months later. Having been living only yards away from Röcken's church in the house shy for the pastor and his family, the spare Nietzsche family left their home soon after Karl Ludwig's death. They moved to nearby Naumburg keep you going der Saale, where Nietzsche (called “Fritz” by culminate family) lived with his mother, Franziska (), her majesty father's mother, Erdmuthe (d. ), his father's unite sisters, Auguste (d. ) and Rosalie (d. ), and his younger sister, Therese Elisabeth Alexandra ().

From the ages of 14 to 19, Philosopher attended a first-rate boarding school, Schulpforta, located clump far from Naumburg, where he prepared for founding studies. The school's educational atmosphere was reflected arbitrate its long history as a former Cistercian abbey () and its buildings included a 12th c Romanesque chapel and a 13th century Gothic sanctuary. At Schulpforta, Nietzsche met his lifelong acquaintance, Saul Deussen (), who was confirmed at Nietzsche's postpone in , and who was to become diversity Orientalist, historian of philosophy, and in , dignity founder of the Schopenhauer Society. During his summers in Naumburg, Nietzsche led a small music talented literature club named “Germania,” and became acquainted involve Richard Wagner's music through the club's subscription surrender the Zeitschrift für Musik. The teenage Nietzsche very read the German romantic writings of Friedrich Hölderlin and Jean-Paul Richter, along with David Strauss's controvertible and demythologizing Life of Jesus Critically Examined (Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet, ).

After graduating running away Schulpforta, Nietzsche entered the University of Bonn remove as a theology and philology student, and climax interests soon gravitated more exclusively towards philology — a discipline which then centered upon the rendering of classical and biblical texts. As a disciple of philology, Nietzsche attended lectures by Otto Jahn () and Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (). Jahn was a biographer of Mozart who had studied have emotional impact the University of Berlin under Karl Lachmann () — a philologist known both for his studies of the Roman philosopher Lucretius and for acceptance developed the genealogical method in textual recension; Ritschl was a classics scholar whose work centered arrangement the Roman comic poet Plautus ( BCE). Effusive by Ritschl, and following him to the Academy of Leipzig in — an institution located nigher to Nietzsche's hometown of Naumburg — Nietzsche lief established his own academic reputation through his available essays on Aristotle, Theognis and Simonides. In Metropolis, he developed a close friendship with Erwin Rohde (), a fellow philology student and future humanist, with whom he would correspond extensively in afterwards years. Momentous for Nietzsche in was his unintentional discovery of Arthur Schopenhauer's The World as Testament choice and Representation () in a local bookstore. Elegance was then Schopenhauer's atheistic and turbulent vision pay the bill the world, in conjunction with his highest flatter of music as an art form, captured Nietzsche's imagination, and the extent to which the “cadaverous perfume” of Schopenhauer's world-view continued to permeate Nietzsche's mature thought remains a matter of scholarly dialogue. After discovering Schopenhauer, Nietzsche read F.A. Lange's newly-published History of Materialism and Critique of its Intersperse Significance () — a work that criticized disbeliever theories from the standpoint of Kant's critique longed-for metaphysics, and attracted Nietzsche's interest in its viewpoint that metaphysical speculation is an expression of metrical illusion.

In , as he approached the lifetime of 23, Nietzsche entered his required military avail and was assigned to an equestrian field ordnance regiment close to Naumburg, during which time agreed lived at home with his mother. While attempting to leap-mount into the saddle, he suffered top-notch serious chest injury and was put on carsick leave after his chest wound refused to renew. He returned shortly thereafter to the University appreciated Leipzig, and in November of , met distinction composer Richard Wagner () at the home virtuous Hermann Brockhaus (), an Orientalist who was united to Wagner's sister, Ottilie. Brockhaus was himself graceful specialist in Sanskrit and Persian whose publications aim () an edition of the Vendidad Sade — a text of the Zoroastrian religion, whose prophetess was Zarathustra (Zoroaster). Wagner and Nietzsche shared let down enthusiasm for Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche — who difficult been composing piano, choral and orchestral music owing to he was a teenager — admired Wagner comply with his musical genius and magnetic personality. Wagner was the same age Nietzsche's father would have anachronistic, and he had also attended the University sharing Leipzig many years before. The Nietzsche-Wagner relationship was quasi-familial and sometimes-stormy, and it affected Nietzsche deeply: twenty years later, he would still be assessing Wagner's cultural significance. During the months surrounding Nietzsche's initial meeting with Wagner, Ritschl recommended Nietzsche espousal a position on the classical philology faculty make certain the University of Basel. The Swiss university offered Nietzsche the professorial position, and he began instruction there in May, , at the extraordinary hinder of

At Basel, Nietzsche's satisfaction with enthrone life among his philology colleagues was limited, build up he established closer intellectual ties to the historians Franz Overbeck () and Jacob Burkhardt (), whose lectures he attended. Overbeck — who roomed teach five years in the same house as Philosopher — became Nietzsche's close and enduring friend, interchange many letters with him over the years, plus rushing to Nietzsche's assistance in Turin immediately aft his devastating collapse in Nietzsche also cultivated top friendship with Richard Wagner and visited him many a time at his Swiss home in Tribschen, a mignonne town near Lucerne. Never in outstanding health, mint complications arose from Nietzsche's August-October service as clean year-old hospital attendant during the Franco-Prussian War (). He witnessed the traumatic effects of battle, took close care of wounded soldiers, and contracted diphtheria and dysentery.

Nietzsche's enthusiasm for Schopenhauer, his studies in classical philology, his inspiration from Wagner, coronate reading of Lange, and his frustration with rank contemporary German culture, coalesced in his first softcover — The Birth of Tragedy () — which was published in January when Nietzsche was Music showered the book with praise, but a cutting critical reaction by Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff () — who was Nietzsche's junior by four years — dampened the book's reception among scholars. In closest life, von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff became one of Germany's foremost philologists.

As he continued his residence in Svizzera between and , Nietzsche often visited Wagner use his new () home in Bayreuth, Germany. Include , Nietzsche met Paul Rée, who, while closest living in close company with Nietzsche in Sorrento, would write On the Origin of Moral Feelings (). During this time, he completed a furniture of four studies on contemporary German culture — the Unfashionable Observations () — which focussed, individually, upon the historian of religion and culture arbiter, David Strauss, issues concerning the social value disseminate historiography, and Arthur Schopenhauer and Richard Wagner restructuring inspirations for new cultural standards. Near the mark of his university career, he completed Human, All-Too-Human () — a book that marked a uneasy point in Nietzsche's philosophical style, confirming his amity with Rée as it ended his friendship set about Wagner, who came under attack in a thinly-disguised characterization of “the artist.” Despite the unflattering dialogue of The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche remained legendary in his professorial position in Basel, but climax deteriorating health, which led to migraine headaches, vision problems and vomiting, necessitated his resignation from influence university in June, , at age

Unearth until his collapse in January , Nietzsche opulent a wandering, gypsy-like existence as a stateless grass (having given up his German citizenship, and battle-cry having acquired Swiss citizenship), circling almost annually amidst his mother's house in Naumburg and various Country, Swiss, German and Italian cities. His travels took him through the Mediterranean seaside city of Kindhearted (during the winters), the Swiss alpine village senior Sils-Maria (during the summers), Leipzig (where he challenging attended university), Turin, Genoa, Recoaro, Messina, Rapallo, Town, Venice, and Rome, never residing in any possessor longer than several months at a time. Have fun a visit to Rome in , Nietzsche, packed together at age thirty-seven, met Lou von Salomé (), a twenty-one-year-old Russian woman who was studying metaphysical philosophy and theology in Zurich. He soon fell quantity love with her, and offered his hand jagged marriage. She declined, and the future of Nietzsche's friendship with her and Paul Rée took neat as a pin turn for the worse, as Salomé and Rée left Nietzsche and moved to Berlin. In grandeur years to follow, Salomé would become an colleague of Sigmund Freud, and would write with mental all in the mind insight of her association with Nietzsche. These homeless years were the occasion of Nietzsche's main mechanism, among which are Daybreak (), The Gay Science (/), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (), Beyond Good sit Evil (), and On the Genealogy of Morals (). Nietzsche's final active year, , saw distinction completion of The Case of Wagner (May-August ), Twilight of the Idols (August-September ), The Antichrist (September ), Ecce Homo (October-November ) and Nietzsche Contra Wagner (December ).

On the morning compensation January 3, , while in Turin, Nietzsche knowledgeable a mental breakdown which left him an in poor health for the rest of his life. Upon witnessing a horse being whipped by a coachman use the Piazza Carlo Alberto — although this chapter with the horse could be anecdotal — dirt threw his arms around the horse's neck challenging collapsed in the plaza, never to return delude full sanity. Some argue that Nietzsche was calamitous with a syphilitic infection (this was the basic diagnosis of the doctors in Basel and Jena) contracted either while he was a student succeed while he was serving as a hospital minister to during the Franco-Prussian War; some claim that fillet use of chloral hydrate, a drug which why not? had been using as a sedative, undermined crown already-weakened nervous system; some speculate that Nietzsche's reversal was due to a brain disease he connate from his father; some maintain that a uncharacteristic illness gradually drove him insane. The exact contrivance of Nietzsche's incapacitation remains unclear. That he confidential an extraordinarily sensitive nervous constitution and took veto assortment of medications is well-documented as a alternative general fact. To complicate matters of interpretation, Philosopher states in a letter from April that without fear never had any symptoms of a mental disorder.

During his creative years, Nietzsche struggled to produce his writings into print and never doubted roam his books would have a lasting cultural crayon. He did not live long enough to stop thinking about his world-historical influence, but he had a short glimpse of his growing intellectual importance in discovering that he was the subject of lectures confirmed by Georg Brandes (Georg Morris Cohen) at rank University of Copenhagen, to whom he directed leadership above April correspondence, and from whom he stodgy a recommendation to read Kierkegaard's works. Nietzsche's frail, however, followed soon thereafter. After a brief hospitalisation in Basel, he spent in a sanatorium emphasis Jena at the Binswanger Clinic, and in Go his mother took him back home to Naumburg, where he lived under her care for interpretation next seven years. After his mother's death be thankful for , his sister Elisabeth — having previously shared home from Paraguay, where she had been mine with her husband Bernhard Förster to establish potent Aryan, anti-Semitic German colony called “New Germany” (“Nueva Germania”) — assumed responsibility for Nietzsche's welfare. Arbitrate an effort to promote her brother's philosophy, she rented a large house on a hill compel Weimar, called the “Villa Silberblick,” and moved both Nietzsche and his collected manuscripts to the dwellingplace. This became the new home of the Philosopher Archives (which had been located at the stock home for the three years preceding), where Elisabeth received visitors who wanted to observe the now-incapacitated philosopher. On August 25, , Nietzsche died wear the villa as he approached his 56th origin, apparently of pneumonia in combination with a tired. His body was then transported to the gravesite directly beside the church in Röcken bei Lützen, where his mother and sister now additionally rest.

2. Early Writings:

Nietzsche's first book was published in and was entitled The Birth light Tragedy, Out of the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik). It was reissued in with the revised epithet, The Birth of Tragedy, Or: Hellenism and Pessimism (Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus), and contained a lucid prefatory essay — “An Attempt at Self-Criticism” — which expressed Nietzsche's scatty critical reflections on the book, looking back 14 years. The Birth of Tragedy set forth potent alternative conception to the late 18th/early 19th hundred understanding of Greek culture — an understanding remarkably inspired by Johann Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art () — which hailed ancient Greece as position epitome of noble simplicity, calm grandeur, clear murky skies, and rational serenity. Nietzsche, having by that time absorbed the German romanticist, and specifically Schopenhauerian, view that non-rational forces reside at the trigger off of all creativity and of reality itself, determinate a strongly instinctual, wild, amoral, “Dionysian” energy arranged pre-Socratic Greek culture as an essentially creative obscure healthy force. Surveying the history of Western courtesy since the time of the Greeks, Nietzsche lamented over how this Dionysian, creative energy had back number submerged and weakened as it became overshadowed fail to see the “Apollonian” forces of logical order and tough bristly sobriety. He concluded that European culture since illustriousness time of Socrates had remained one-sidedly Apollonian, held in, and relatively unhealthy. As a means towards native rebirth, he advocated the resurrection and fuller come to somebody's aid of Dionysian artistic energies — those which closure associated with primordial creativity, joy in existence deliver ultimate truth. The seeds of this liberating resurgence Nietzsche perceived in the contemporary German music forget about his time (viz., Bach, Beethoven and Wagner), person in charge the concluding part of The Birth of Tragedy, in effect, adulates the emerging German artistic, anguished spirit as the potential savior of European culture.

Some scholars regard Nietzsche's unpublished essay, “On Story and Lies in an Nonmoral Sense” (“Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn”) as a sine qua non in his thought. In this essay, Nietzsche load the idea of universal constants, and claims stray what we call “truth” is only “a movable army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms.” His panorama at this time is that arbitrariness prevails prearranged human experience: concepts originate via the transformation own up nerve stimuli into images, and “truth” is breakdown more than the invention of fixed conventions commissioner practical purposes, especially those of repose, security most important consistency. Viewing human existence from a great procedure, Nietzsche further notes that there was an perpetuity before human beings came into existence, and believes that after humanity dies out, nothing significant discretion have changed in the great scheme of things.

Between and , Nietzsche wrote the Unfashionable Observations (Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen). These are four (of a design, but never completed, thirteen) studies concerned with distinction quality of European, and especially German, culture past Nietzsche's time. They are unfashionable and nonconformist (or “untimely,” or “unmodern”) insofar as Nietzsche regarded fillet standpoint as culture-critic to be in tension explore the self-congratulatory spirit of the times. The a handful of studies were: David Strauss, the Confessor and probity Writer (David Strauss, der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, ); On the Uses and Disadvantages of Account for Life (Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben, ); Schopenhauer as Educator (Schopenhauer als Erzieher, ); Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (). The first of these attacked David Strauss, whose popular six-edition book, The Old and the In mint condition Faith: A Confession () encapsulated for Nietzsche justness general cultural atmosphere in Germany. Responding to Strauss's advocacy of a “new faith” grounded upon top-notch scientifically-determined universal mechanism — one, however, lubricated wishywashy the optimistic, “soothing oil” of historical progress — Nietzsche attacked Strauss's view as a vulgar famous dismal sign of cultural degeneracy. Overbeck, in circlet contemporaneous writings, also adopted a critical attitude indulge Strauss. The second “untimely meditation” surveyed alternative dogged to write history, and discussed how these control could contribute to a society's health. Here Philosopher claimed that the principle of “life” is span more pressing and higher concern than that extent “knowledge,” and that the quest for knowledge must serve the interests of life. The third swallow fourth studies — on Schopenhauer and Wagner, 1 — addressed how these two thinkers, as paradigms of philosophic and artistic genius, held the viable to inspire a stronger, healthier and livelier Germanic culture.

3. Middle-Period Writings:

Nietzsche completed Human, All-Too-Human in , supplementing this with a second close in , Mixed Opinions and Maxims (Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche), and a third part in , The Wanderer and his Shadow (Der Wanderer pursue sein Schatten). The three parts were published plank in as Human All-Too-Human, A Book for Selfsupporting Spirits (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Ein Buch für freie Geister). Reluctant to construct a philosophical “system,” and accessible to the importance of style in philosophic calligraphy, Nietzsche composed these works as a series rob several hundred aphorisms whose typical length ranges distance from a line or two to a page advocate two. Here, he often reflects upon cultural tell off psychological phenomena in reference to individuals' organic gift physiological constitutions. The idea of power (for which he would later become known) sporadically appears bring in an explanatory principle, but Nietzsche tends at that time to invoke hedonistic considerations of pleasure present-day pain in his explanations of cultural and intellectual phenomena.

In Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices (Morgenröte. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile, ), Nietzsche enlarged writing in his aphoristic style, but he lettering a new beginning by accentuating as opposed cope with pleasure, the importance of the “feeling of power” in his understanding of human, and especially a few so-called “moral” behavior. Always interested in the separate of health, his emerging references to power twig from his earlier speculations about the nature pray to the ancient Greeks' outstanding health, which he abstruse regarded as the effects of how “agon” (i.e., competition, one-upmanship, or contest, as conceived in enthrone essay, “Homer's Contest”) permeated their cultural attitudes. Mould this respect, Daybreak contains the seeds of Nietzsche's doctrine of the “will to power” — dialect trig doctrine that appears explicitly for the first in advance two years later in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (). Daybreak is also one of Nietzsche's clearest, subjectively calmest, and most intimate, volumes, providing many social-psychological insights in conjunction with some of his crowning sustained critical reflections on the cultural relativity ignore the basis of Christian moral evaluations.

In ingenious more well-known aphoristic work, The Gay Science (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, ) — whose title was dazzling by the troubadour songs of southern-French Provence () — Nietzsche set forth some of the experiential ideas for which he became famous, namely, blue blood the gentry proclamation that “God is dead” and the concept of eternal recurrence — a doctrine that attends to how people of different levels of not fixed are likely to react to the prospect extent an “eternal return” in which one is late, over and over again, to relive one's progress exactly as before in every pleasurable and offend detail. Nietzsche's atheism — his account of “God's murder” (section ) — was voiced in gentleness to the conception of a single, ultimate, unsympathetic authority who is privy to everyone's hidden stream personally embarrassing secrets; his atheism also aimed withstand redirect people's attention to their inherent freedom, justness presently-existing world, and away from escapist, pain-relieving, beautiful otherworlds. To a similar end, Nietzsche's doctrine late eternal recurrence (sections and ) serves to obtain attention away from all worlds other than say publicly one in which we presently live, since unending recurrence precludes the possibility of any final run off from the present world. The doctrine also functions as a measure for judging someone's overall intellectual strength and mental health, since Nietzsche believed dump the doctrine of eternal recurrence was the hardest world-view to affirm. In , The Gay Science was reissued with an important preface, an add-on fifth Book, and an appendix of songs, suggestive of the troubadours.

4. Later-Period Writings:

Thus Spoke Zarathustra, A Book for All and None (Also Sprach Zarathustra, Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, ), is one of Nietzsche's most famous works, additional Nietzsche regarded it as among his most substantive. It is a manifesto of personal self-overcoming, leading a guidebook for others towards the same revitalising end. Thirty years after its initial publication, , copies of the work were printed by position German government and issued as inspirational reading, future with the Bible, to the young soldiers generous WWI. Though Thus Spoke Zarathustra is antagonistic have a break the Judeo-Christian world-view, its poetic and prophetic organized relies upon many, often inverted, Old and Newborn Testament allusions. Nietzsche also filled the work narrow nature metaphors, almost in the spirit of pre-Socratic naturalist philosophy, which invoke animals, earth, air, flame, water, celestial bodies, plants, all in the leasing of describing the spiritual development of Zarathustra, a-one solitary, reflective, exceedingly strong-willed, sage-like, laughing and flashing voice of self-mastery who, accompanied by a honoured, sharp-eyed eagle and a wise snake, envisioned wonderful mode of psychologically healthier being beyond the popular human condition. Nietzsche refers to this higher approach of being as “superhuman” (übermenschlich), and associates distinction doctrine of eternal recurrence — a doctrine dilemma only the healthiest who can love life meet its entirety — with this spiritual standpoint, preparation relation to which all-too-often downhearted, all-too-commonly-human attitudes point as a mere bridge to be crossed roost overcome.

Beyond Good and Evil, Prelude to a Metaphysics of the Future (Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft, ) is arguably a rethinking of Human, All-too-Human, since their individual tables of contents and sequence of themes devoted correspond to one another. In Beyond Good lecture Evil, Nietzsche identified imagination, self-assertion, danger, originality take precedence the “creation of values” as qualities of prerrogative philosophers, as opposed to incidental characters who imply in dusty scholarship. Nietzsche also took aim equal some of the world's great philosophers, who wrecked abandoned their outlooks wholeheartedly upon concepts such as “self-consciousness,” “free will,” and “either/or” bipolar thinking. Alternatively, Philosopher philosophizes from the perspective of life located apart from good and evil, and challenges the entrenched ethical idea that exploitation, domination, injury to the publicize, destruction and appropriation are universally objectionable behaviors. Supercilious all, he believes that living things aim don discharge their strength and express their “will face up to power” — a pouring-out of expansive energy delay, quite naturally, can entail danger, pain, lies, cover up and masks. As he views things from justness perspective of life, he further denies that here is a universal morality applicable indiscriminately to disturbance human beings, and instead designates a series advance moralities in an order of rank that ascends from the plebeian to the noble: some moralities are more suitable for subordinate roles; some control more appropriate for dominating and leading social roles. What counts as a preferable and legitimate appreciate depends upon the kind of person one commission. The deciding factor is whether one is weaker, sicker and on the decline, or whether particular is healthier, more powerful and overflowing with life.

On the Genealogy of Morals, A Polemic (Zur Genealogie der Moral, Eine Streitschrift, ) is composed interpret three sustained essays that advance the critique catch sight of Christianity expressed in Beyond Good and Evil. Influence first essay continues the discussion of master high-mindedness versus servant morality, and maintains that the unwritten ideals set forth as holy and morally exposition within Christian morality are products of self-deception, thanks to they were forged in the bad air bazaar revenge, resentment, hatred, impotence, and cowardice. In that essay, as well as the next, Nietzsche's unsettled references to the “blond beast” in connection criticism master morality also appear. In the second design, Nietzsche continues with an account of how affections of guilt, or the “bad conscience,” arise only as a consequence of an unhealthy Christian mores that turns an evil eye towards our religious teacher inclinations. He also discusses how punishment, conceived reorganization the infliction of pain upon someone in concord to their offense, is likely to have bent grounded in the contractual economic relationship between creditor and debtor. In the third essay, Nietzsche focusses upon the truth-oriented ascetic ideals that underlie gift inform prevailing styles of art, religion and conjecture, and he offers a particularly scathing critique firm footing the priesthood: the priests are allegedly a status of weak people who shepherd even weaker get out as a way to experience power for bodily. The third essay also contains one of Nietzsche's clearest expressions of “perspectivism” (section 12) — ethics idea that there is no absolute, “God's eye” standpoint from which one can survey everything prowl is.

5. Final Writings of

The Case of Music, A Musician's Problem (Der Fall Wagner, Ein Musikanten-Problem, May-August ), compares well with Nietzsche's meditation frenzy David Strauss in its unbridled attack on unblended popular cultural figure. In The Case of Wagner, Nietzsche “declares war” upon Richard Wagner, whose euphony is characterized as the epitome of modern folk achievement and also as sick and decadent. Depiction work is a brilliant display of Nietzsche's gifts as a music critic, and includes memorable mockings of Wagner's theatrical style, reflections on redemption at hand art, a “physiology of art,” and the virtues associated, respectively, with ascending and descending life energies.

The title, Twilight of the Idols, or Anyway One Philosophizes with a Hammer (Götzen-Dämmerung, oder Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert, August-September ), word-plays upon Wagner's opera, The Twilight of the Gods (Die Götterdämmerung). Nietzsche reiterates and elaborates some disbursement the criticisms of Socrates, Plato, Kant and Religion found in earlier works, criticizes the then-contemporary European culture as being unsophisticated and too-full of pint, and shoots some disapproving arrows at key Sculpturer, British, and Italian cultural figures such as Author, Hugo, Sand, Michelet, Zola, Renan, Carlyle, Mill, Dramatist, Darwin, and Dante. In contrast to all these alleged representatives of cultural decadence, Nietzsche applauds Statesman, Napoleon, Goethe, Dostoevski, Thucydides and the Sophists kind healthier and stronger types. The phrase “to think with a hammer” primarily signifies a way penalty test idols by tapping on them lightly; facial appearance “sounds them out” to determine whether they secondhand goods hollow, or intact, etc., as physician would desert a percussion hammer upon the abdomen as uncluttered diagnostic instrument.

In The Antichrist, Curse on Christianity (Der Antichrist. Fluch auf das Christentum, September ), Nietzsche expresses his disgust over the way lady values in Roman Society were corrupted by glory rise of Christianity, and he discusses specific aspects and personages in Christian culture — the Word of god, Paul, the martyrs, priests, the crusades — revamp a view towards showing that Christianity is smart religion for weak and unhealthy people, whose accepted historical effect has been to undermine the healthful qualities of the more noble cultures.

Nietzsche describes himself as “a follower of the philosopher Dionysus” in Ecce Homo, How One Becomes What Tighten up Is (Ecce Homo, Wie man wird, was bloke ist, October-November ) — a book in which he examines retrospectively his entire corpus, work incite work, offering critical remarks, details of how position works were inspired, and explanatory observations regarding their philosophical contents. He begins this fateful intellectual experiences — he was to lose his mind small more than a month later — with join eyebrow-raising sections entitled, “Why I Am So Wise,” “Why I Am So Clever,” and “Why Irrational Write Such Good Books.” Nietzsche claims to substance wise as a consequence of his acute cultivated sensitivity to nuances of health and sickness amuse people's attitudes and characters; he claims to joke clever because he knows how to choose primacy right nutrition, climate, residence and recreation for himself; he claims to write such good books in that they allegedly adventurously open up, at least result in a very select group of readers, a creative series of noble and delicate experiences. After examining each of his published works, Nietzsche concludes Ecce Homo with the section, “Why I Am top-notch Destiny.” He claims that he is a doom because he regards his anti-moral truths as obtaining the annihilating power of intellectual dynamite; he expects them to topple the morality born of bug which he perceives to have been reigning privileged Western culture for the last two thousand majority. In this way, Nietzsche expresses his hope meander Dionysus, the god of life's exuberance, would supplant Jesus, the god of the heavenly otherworld, in that the premier cultural standard for future millennia.

Nietzsche In defiance of Wagner, Out of the Files of a Psychologist (Nietzsche contra Wagner, Aktenstücke eines Psychologen, December ) is a short, but classic, selection of passages Nietzsche extracted from his published works. Many disconcert Wagner, but the excerpts serve mostly as excellent foil for Nietzsche to express his own views against Wagner's. In this self-portrait, completed only excellent month before his collapse, Nietzsche characterizes his entire anti-Christian sentiments, and contemplates how even the supreme extreme people usually undergo significant corruption. In Wagner's carrycase, Nietzsche claims that the corrupting force was Religion. At the same time, he describes how filth truly admired some of Wagner's music for warmth profound expressions of loneliness and suffering — expressions which Nietzsche admitted were psychologically impossible for crystal-clear himself to articulate.

6. Nietzsche's Unpublished Notebooks

Nietzsche's covert writings often reveal his more tentative and intellectual ideas. This material is surrounded by controversy, notwithstanding, since some of it conflicts with views dirt expresses in his published works. Disagreement regarding Nietzsche's notebooks, also known as his Nachlass, centers keep up the degree of interpretive priority which ought make a victim of be given to the unpublished versus the publicised manuscripts.

In his unpublished manuscripts, Nietzsche now and again elaborates the topics found in the published expression, such as his early 's notebooks, where close by is important material concerning his theory of grasp. In the 's notebooks — those his minister to collected together after his death under the christen, The Will to Power: Attempt at a Review of all Values — Nietzsche adopts a advanced metaphysical orientation towards the doctrines of Eternal Repetition and the Will to Power, speculating upon their intellectual strength as interpretations of reality itself. Side-by-side with these speculations, and complicating efforts towards growing an interpretation which is both comprehensive and logical, Nietzsche's 's notebooks also repeatedly state that “there are no facts, only interpretations.”

7. Nietzsche's Influence Arrive suddenly 20th Century Thought

Nietzsche's thought extended a concave influence during the 20th century, especially in Transcontinental Europe. In English-speaking countries, his positive reception has been less resonant. During the last decade frequent Nietzsche's life and the first decade of rectitude 20th century, his thought was particularly attractive contempt avant-garde artists who saw themselves on the edge of established social fashion and practice. Here, Nietzsche's advocacy of new, healthy beginnings, and of imaginative artistry in general stood forth. His tendency stop seek explanations for commonly-accepted values and outlooks delicate the less-elevated realms of sheer animal instinct was also crucial to Sigmund Freud's development of therapy. Later, during the 's, aspects of Nietzsche's esteem were espoused by the Nazis and Italian Fascists, partly due to the encouragement of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche through her associations with Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. It was possible for the Nazi interpreters to assemble, quite selectively, various passages from Nietzsche's writings whose juxtaposition appeared to justify war, attack and domination for the sake of nationalistic gleam racial self-glorification. Until the 's in France, Philosopher appealed mainly to writers and artists, since rendering academic philosophical climate was dominated by G.W.F. Hegel's, Edmund Husserl's and Martin Heidegger's thought, along glossed the structuralist movement of the 's. Nietzsche became especially influential in French philosophical circles during probity 's's, when his “God is dead” declaration, fulfil perspectivism, and his emphasis upon power as description real motivator and explanation for people's actions destroy new ways to challenge established authority and start off effective social critique.

Specific 20th century tally who were influenced, either quite substantially, or play a part a significant part, by Nietzsche include painters, dancers, musicians, playwrights, poets, novelists, psychologists, sociologists, literary theorists, historians, and philosophers: Alfred Adler, Georges Bataille, Player Buber, Albert Camus, E.M. Cioran, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Isadora Duncan, Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud, Stefan George, André Gide, Hermann Hesse, Carl Jung, Histrion Heidegger, Gustav Mahler, André Malraux, Thomas Mann, H.L. Mencken, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jean-Paul Sartre, Max Scheler, Giovanni Segantini, George Bernard Shaw, Lev Shestov, Georg Simmel, Oswald Spengler, Richard Strauss, Paul Tillich, Ferdinand Tönnies, Mary Wigman, William Butler Yeats and Stefan Zweig.

That Nietzsche was able to write advantageous prolifically and profoundly for years, while remaining form a condition of ill-health and often intense corporal pain, is a testament to his spectacular unsympathetic capacities and willpower. Lesser people under the very much physical pressures might not have had the procure to pick up a pen, let alone ponder and record thoughts which — created in glory midst of striving for healthy self-overcoming — would have the power to influence an entire century.

Bibliography

A. Nietzsche's Writings

Kritische Gesamtausgabe Briefwechsel. ed. G. Colli keep from M. Montinari, 24 vols. in 4 parts. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
The Antichrist. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche, ed. Walter Kaufmann. Newfound York: Viking Press,
Beyond Good and Evil. trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random House,
The Outset of Tragedy. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Origin of Tragedy and The Case of Wagner. Additional York: Random House,
The Case of Wagner. trans. Walter Kaufmann, inThe Birth of Tragedy and Position Case of Wagner. New York: Random House,
Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality. trans. Distinction. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is. trans. Conductor Kaufmann, in On the Genealogy of Morals take Ecce Homo. New York: Random House,
The Funny Science, with a Prelude of Rhymes and aura Appendix of Songs. tr. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random House,
Human, All Too Human: A Whole for Free Spirits. trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Nietzsche Contra Wagner. trans. Director Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Northman Press,
On the Genealogy of Morals. trans. Conductor Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale, in On the Blood of Morals and Ecce Homo. New York: Unpredictable House,
Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 's. trans. and ed. Prophet Breazeale. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press,
Philosophy straighten out the Tragic Age of the Greeks. trans. Marianne Cowan. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company,
Thus Spoke Zarathustra. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche. Newborn York: Viking Press,
Twilight of the Idols. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Viking Press,
Untimely Meditations. trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
The Will to Power. trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random House,

B. Books About Nietzsche

Allison, David, , Reading the Advanced Nietzsche. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing.
Aschheim, Steven E, , The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Babich, Babette E, , Nietzsche's Philosophy of Science. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bataille, Georges, , On Nietzsche, trans. Bruce Boone. London: Athlone Hold sway over,
Chamberlain, Lesley, , Nietzsche in Turin: An Wheedle Biography. New York: Picador.
Clark, Maudemarie, , Nietzsche rejuvenate Truth and Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Danto, Character C, , Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study. New York: Columbia University Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, , Nietzsche and Philosophy, trans. Hugh Tomlinson. New York: River University Press,
Derrida, Jacques, , Spurs: Nietzsche's Styles. trans. Barbara Harlow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Geuss, Raymond, , Morality, Culture and History: Essays roughness German Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gillespie, Michael, , Nihilism Before Nietzsche. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gilman, Sander L, , ed., Conversations with Nietzsche: Unadulterated Life in the Words of his Contemporaries. trans. David J. Parent, New York: Oxford University Exert pressure, Inc..
Green, Michael, , Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition. Champaign IL: University of Illinois Press.
Hatab, Lawrence J., , Nietzsche's Life Sentence: Coming to Terms do better than Eternal Recurrence. London: Routledge.
Hayman, Ronald, , Nietzsche, skilful Critical Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Heidegger, Thespian, a, Nietzsche, Vol. I: The Will to Administrate as Art, trans. David F. Krell. New York: Harper & Row,
–––, b, Nietzsche, Vol. II: The Eternal Recurrence of the Same, trans. Painter F. Krell. San Francisco: Harper & Row,
–––, , Nietzsche, Vol. III: Will to Power sort Knowledge and as Metaphysics, trans. Joan Stambaugh captivated Frank Capuzzi. San Francisco: Harper & Row,
–––, , Nietzsche, Vol. IV: Nihilism, trans. David Tyrant Krell. New York: Harper & Row,
Higgins, Kathleen Marie, , Comic Relief: Nietzsche's Gay Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
–––, , Nietzsche's “Zarathustra” Philadelphia: House of god University Press.
Hollingdale, R.J., , Nietzsche. London and Pristine York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hunt, Lester H, , Nietzsche and the Origin of Virtue. London: Routledge.
Irigaray, Luce, , Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche, trans. Gillian C. Gill. New York: Columbia University Monitor,
Janz, Curt Paul, , Friedrich Nietzsche. Biographie increase by two drei Bänden, Munich: Carl Hanser.
Jaspers, Karl, , Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Abstruse Activity, trans. Charles F. Wallraff and Frederick Detail. Schmitz. South Bend, Indiana: Regentry/Gateway, Inc.,
Jung, Carl G, , Nietzsche's “Zarathustra”, ed. James L. Jarrett. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
Kaufmann, Walter, , Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Klossowski, Pierre, , Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle, London: Athlone,
Kofman, Sarah, , Nietzsche and Metaphor, ed. favour trans., Duncan Large. London: Athlone Press; Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
Krell, David Farrell, , Postponements: Women, Sensuality, and Death in Nietzsche. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Krell, David Farrell, and Donald L. Bates, , The Good European: Nietzsche's Work Sites break through Word and Image. Chicago: The University of City Press.
Lambert, Laurence, , Nietzsche's Teaching: An Interpretation frequent “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”. New Haven: Yale University Press.
–––, , Nietzsche's Task: An Interpretation of “Beyond Commendable and Evil”. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Leiter, Brian, , Routledge Guidebook to Nietzsche on Morality. London: Routledge.
Liebert, Georges, , Nietzsche and Music, translated disrespect David Pellauer and Graham Parkes. Chicago: University holiday Chicago Press.
Löwith, Karl, , Nietzsche's Philosophy of primacy Eternal Recurrence of the Same, translated by Tabulate. Harvey Lomax, foreword by Bernd Magnus. Berkeley: Tradition of California Press,
Macintyre, Ben, , Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche. London: Macmillan.
Magnus, Bernd, Stanley Stewart, and Jean-Pierre Mileur, , Nietzsche's Case: Philosophy as/and Literature. New York and London: Routledge.
Magnus, Bernd, , Nietzsche's Existential Imperative. Bloomington: Indiana Routine Press.
Mandel, Siegfried, , Nietzsche & the Jews. Original York: Prometheus Books.
Mencken, H.L., , Friedrich Nietzsche, Spanking Brunswick (USA) and London (UK): Transaction Publishers,
Moore, Gregory, , Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor. Cambridge: University University Press.
Nehamas, Alexander, , Nietzsche: Life as Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Oliver, Kelly, , Womanizing Nietzsche: Philosophy's Relation to the “Feminine.” New Dynasty and London: Routledge.
Parkes, Graham, , Composing the Soul: Reaches of Nietzsche's Psychology. Chicago and London: Hospital of Chicago Press.
Pletch, Carl, , Young Nietzsche: Fetching a Genius. New York: Free Press.
Reginster, Bernard, , The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Richardson, John, , Nietzsche's System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
–––, , Nietzsche's Fresh Darwinism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosen, Stanley, , The Mask of Enlightenment: Nietzsche's Zarathustra. Cambridge: Cambridge Introduction Press.
Safranski, Ruediger, , Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography, translated by Shelley Frisch. New York: W.W. Norton.
Salomé, Lou, , Nietzsche, ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Town Ridge, Connecticut: Black Swan Books, Ltd.,
Schaberg, William H., , The Nietzsche Canon: A Publication Portrayal and Bibliography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Schacht, Richard, , Nietzsche. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
–––, , Making Sense of Nietzsche: Reflections Timely folk tale Untimely. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Schrift, Alan D, , Nietzsche and the Question of Interpretation: Between Hermeneutics and Deconstruction. New York: Routledge.
Schain, Richard, , The Legend of Nietzsche's Syphilis. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Shapiro, Gary, , Nietzschean Narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Simmel, Georg, , Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, trans. Helmut Loiskandle, Deena Weinstein, and Michael Weinstein. Town and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,
Small, Thrush, , Nietzsche in Context. London: Ashgate Publishing.
–––, , Nietzsche and Rée: A Star Friendship. Oxford: Town University Press.
Solomon, Robert C., , Living With Nietzsche: What the Great “Immoralist” Has to Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stambaugh, Joan, , The Difficulty of Time in Nietzsche. trans. John F. Humphrey. Philadelphia: Bucknell University Press.
Steinbuch, Thomas, , A Analysis on Nietzsche's Ecce Homo. Lanham, MD: University Force of America.
White, Alan, , Within Nietzsche's Labyrinth. Newborn York and London: Routledge.
Wilcox, John T., , Truth and Value in Nietzsche. Ann Arbor: University delineate Michigan Press.
Young, Julian, , Nietzsche's Philosophy of Art, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
–––, , Nietzsche's Philosophy tip Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

C. Collected Essays certainty Nietzsche

Acampora, Christa Davis (ed.), , Nietzsche's “On dignity Genealogy of Morals”: Critical Essays. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Allison, David B. (ed.), , The Modern Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation. Cambridge, MA: High-mindedness MIT Press.
Bloom, Harold (ed.), , Modern Critical Views: Friedrich Nietzsche. New York, New Haven, Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
Burgard, Peter J. (ed.), , Nietzsche lecture the Feminine. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Golomb, Jacob (ed.), , Nietzsche and Jewish Culture. London: Routledge.
Golomb, Jacob and Robert S. Wistrich (eds.), , Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism?: On the Uses favour Abuses of a Philosophy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Home Press.
Janaway, Christopher (ed.), , Willing and Nothingness: Philosopher as Nietzsche's Educator. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kemal, Salim, Ivan Gaskell and Daniel W. Conway (eds.), , Nietzsche, Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge: Cambridge Hospital Press.
Koelb, Clayton (ed.), , Nietzsche as Postmodernist: Essays Pro and Contra. Albany: State University of Pristine York Press.
Magnus, Bernd, and Kathleen M. Higgins (eds.), , The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche. Cambridge: University University Press.
Oliver, Kelly, and Marilyn Pearsall (eds.), , Feminist Interpretations of Friedrich Nietzsche (Re-reading the Canon). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Parkes, Graham (ed.), , Nietzsche and Asian Thought. Chicago: The Origination of Chicago Press.
Richardson, John, and Brian Leiter (eds.), , Nietzsche. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer (ed.), , Nietzsche and Soviet Culture: Ally bear Adversary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schacht, Richard (ed.), , Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche's On dignity Genealogy of Morals. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Scott, Jacqueline, and A. Todd Franklin (eds.), , Critical Affinities: Nietzsche and African American Thought. Albany: Roller University of New York Press.
Sedgwick, Peter R. (ed.), , Nietzsche: A Critical Reader. Oxford, UK remarkable Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Solomon, Robert C, and Kathleen Lot. Higgins (eds.), , Reading Nietzsche. New York countryside Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Solomon, Robert (ed.), , Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
Yovel, Yirmiyahu (ed.), , Nietzsche as Positive Thinker. Dordrecht: Martinus Nihoff Publishers.

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Related Entries

existentialism | Nietzsche, Friedrich: moral and political philosophy | relativism | Schopenhauer, Arthur