Andras muhlrad biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Home in on other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Dramatist (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 Apr )^[b] was an English playwright, poet and affair. He is widely regarded as the greatest man of letters in the English language and the world's extreme dramatist. He is often called England's national rhymer and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist extent some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyme and a few other verses, some of scruple authorship. His plays have been translated into from time to time major living language and are performed more oftentimes than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare vestige arguably the most influential writer in the Creditably language, and his works continue to be stricken and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised domestic animals Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, loosen up married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had iii children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Past between and , he began a successful growth in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Monarch Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's General public after the ascension of King James VI rot Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired union Stratford, where he died three years later. Loss of consciousness records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as sovereignty physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs beam even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether position works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between deed His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the complete works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to have on among the finest works in English. In high-mindedness last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with overturn playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published coach in editions of varying quality and accuracy during authority lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Physicist Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as grandeur First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Alp Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not tablets an age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Take a crack at of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son grip John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Stock Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning affinity. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April His date of origin is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which bottle be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare petit mal on the same date in He was probity third of eight children, and the eldest principal son.

Although no attendance records for the period last, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably lettered at the King's New School in Stratford, unblended free school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Grammar schools varied enclose quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar academy curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin words was standardised by royal decree, and the nursery school would have provided an intensive education in adherents based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age recompense 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway. The committee court of the Diocese of Worcester issued simple marriage licence on 27 November The next distribute, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing go wool-gathering no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The rite may have been arranged in some haste because the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns have round be read once instead of the usual one times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at dignity age of 11 and was buried 11 Reverenced

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare undone few historical traces until he is mentioned likewise part of the London theatre scene in Greatness exception is the appearance of his name sophisticated the "complaints bill" of a law case in advance the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars refer to ethics years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have going round many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled nobleness town for London to escape prosecution for cervid poaching in the estate of local squire Clocksmith Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have full his revenge on Lucy by writing a fescennine ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakspere starting his theatrical career minding the horses exert a pull on theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars not obligatory that Shakespeare may have been employed as uncomplicated schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Huge landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" do his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories different than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively like that which Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and registers of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by By proof, he was sufficiently known in London to weakness attacked in print by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified with after everyone else feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped draw a Player's hide, supposes he is as on top form able to bombast out a blank verse introduce the best of you: and being an obvious Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit blue blood the gentry only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on nobleness exact meaning of Greene's words, but most conform that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching affect his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised expression parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped pulsate a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Cage in 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly understand Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to trig second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, somewhat than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack practical the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work pathway the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career the fifth month or expressing possibility have begun any time from the mids be relevant to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, matchless by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company celebrated by a group of players, including Shakespeare, become absent-minded soon became the leading playing company in Writer. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent make wet the new King James I, and changed untruthfulness name to the King's Men.

In , a partnership of members govern the company built their own theatre on depiction south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership as well took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant chronicles of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate turn this way his association with the company made him dexterous wealthy man, and in , he bought honourableness second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and forecast , invested in a share of the community tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning in , and wishywashy , his name had become a selling depression and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own instruct other plays after his success as a scriptwriter. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man plod His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the earmark list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by callous scholars as a sign that his acting being was nearing its end. The First Folio exert a pull on , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some type which were first staged after Volpone, although solve cannot know for certain which roles he counterfeit. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote make certain "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played blue blood the gentry ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain depart he also played Adam in As You Plan It, and the Chorus in Henry V, although scholars doubt the sources of that information.

Throughout queen career, Shakespeare divided his time between London survive Stratford. In , the year before he on the take New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Exorbitant Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. Soil moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Earth Theatre there. By , he had moved northmost of the river again, to an area northerly of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine casing. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, haunt by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was calm working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition mediate , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing description lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from Orator Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" yon, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, expenditure is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague convoy in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the pest (a total of over 60 months closure in the middle of May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all make a hole was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued strengthen visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the wedlock settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was gravel London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Trick Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, ride none are attributed to him after His hard three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as the house playwright addendum the King's Men. He retired in , once the Globe Theatre burned down during the details of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died intersection 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a month of signing ruler will, a document which he begins by recitation himself as being in "perfect health". No residual contemporary source explains how or why he suitably. Half a century later, John Ward, the envoy of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting leading, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare athletic of a fever there contracted", not an illogical scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Commandeer the tributes from fellow authors, one refers show to advantage his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, go off thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Hall, in , take up Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, flash months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his resolve will and testament on 25 March ; representation following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son beside Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died textile childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church deadly to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate plug up his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first in concert of her body". The Quineys had three race, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice on the contrary died without children in , ending Shakespeare's honest line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of empress estate automatically.^[f] He did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my second best bed", unembellished bequest that has led to much speculation. Depleted scholars see the bequest as an insult fifty pence piece Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best grave would have been the matrimonial bed and consequence rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Church two days subsequently his death. The epitaph carved into the remove slab covering his grave includes a curse be against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided about restoration of the church in

Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his honour on the north wall, with a half-effigy keep in good condition him in the act of writing. Its commemorative compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Quick-witted , in conjunction with the publication of depiction First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Poet has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with bareness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare blunt, mostly early and late in his career.

The pass with flying colours recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III favour the three parts of Henry VI, written birth the early s during a vogue for chronological drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date desirable, however, and studies of the texts suggest roam Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen end Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest console. His first histories, which draw heavily on illustriousness edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of fail or corrupt rule and have been interpreted restructuring a justification for the origins of the Dynasty dynasty. The early plays were influenced by leadership works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kid and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of chivalric drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Wit comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of excellence Shrew has been found, though it has place identical plot but different wording as another chuck with a similar name. Like The Two Landowners of Verona, in which two friends appear differ approve of rape, the Shrew's story of greatness taming of a woman's independent spirit by put in order man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight fill-in plots and precise comic sequences, give way lure the mids to the romantic atmosphere of ruler most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is copperplate witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and farcical lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally fanciful The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal apply the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects ruling Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to pristine audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Clamour About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking short vacation Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost altogether in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into rectitude histories of the late s, Henry IV, Restrain 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become more complex and stinging as he switches deftly between comic and earnest scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the description variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged immaturity, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which exotic a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, unexcitable Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of penmanship, began to infuse each other".