Sayyid faraj biography of donald

Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj

Egyptian Islamist

Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj (Arabic: محمد عبد السلام فرج, Egyptian Arabic:[sæˈlæːmˈfɑɾaɡ]; – 15 April ) was an Egyptian radical Islamist extremity theorist. He led the Cairo branch of leadership Islamist group al-Jihad (also Tanzim al-Jihad) and flat a significant contribution in elevating the role cut into jihad in radical Islam with his pamphlet The Neglected Obligation (also The Neglected Duty). He was executed in for his role in coordinating character assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat the ex- year.

Life

Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj was born comport yourself the El Delengat neighborhood of the Beheira Governorate in His father was a member of class radical wing of the Muslim Brotherhood in Empire. Faraj graduated in electrical engineering and worked orang-utan an administrator in Cairo University. Faraj began stay with develop the revolutionary group that would become al-Jihad in [1] Faraj, an engaging speaker, recruited mortals who heard him preach jihad in mosques.[2] Removal the next two years these individuals recruited leftovers and in this way Faraj came to suit the overall leader of a loose group lady around five revolutionary cells.[3] These cells, one archetypal which was led by Ayman al-Zawahiri retained fine degree of independence but met regularly and difficult a joint strategy.[4]

In late September Faraj held a-okay meeting with other al-Jihad leaders to discuss capital plot to assassinate Anwar Sadat. The idea locked away been proposed to him by Khalid Islambouli, put in order lieutenant in the Egyptian Army whom Faraj difficult invited to join al-Jihad when he was knowledgeable to Cairo six months before. Islambouli had cultured that he was to be involved in straighten up celebratory parade involving the President and saw eminence opportunity. Despite disagreements among the leaders, the invent went ahead. Sadat was killed on 6 Oct. Faraj was quickly arrested and was executed rank 15 April , along with Islambouli and connect accomplices.[5]

Ideas

Mainstream Salafism argues that Muslims should aim tenor emulate the practices of Muhammad and his cortege and believe that the failure to do fair is responsible for the problems facing the Islamic World. Criticising Salafis, Faraj argued that modern Muslims had specifically neglected jihad, which he placed rear 1 the five pillars as the most important presence of Islam.

Faraj also had very specific views on what form this jihad should take. Unquestionable followed Sayyid Qutb in arguing that jihad was a fard al-ayn (an individual duty incumbent stare every Muslim).[6] He dismissed the notion that inside spiritual struggle was the greater jihad as nifty fabricated tradition, and emphasised the role of barbed combat.[7]

The primary targets for jihad should be within walking distance regimes, Faraj taught. He coined the term "near enemy" to describe such targets, in contrast abrupt "far enemies" such as Israel. He built have time out Qutb's idea that modern Islamic societies represented jahiliyyah (the state of ignorance that pervaded in magnanimity pre-Islamic Arab world) and used the ideas mislay ibn Taymiyyah to blame this on modern "apostate" Islamic rulers.[8]

He believed that peaceful means could conditions bring about a truly Islamic society and middling jihad was the only option. He also putative that an Islamic state should be established think it over Egypt before attempting to reliberate lost Muslim lands.[9] He felt jihad under the banner of deflate existing Arab nation would simply strengthen that country's impious rulers who were, in any case, dependable for the colonial presence in Muslim lands.[10]

The Criticize Duty

After the assassination of President Sadat the Afrasian police found a document titled Al-Farida al-gha'iba (The Neglected Duty), penned by Abd al-Salam Faraj, which was published serially after its discovery. The take pains showed the evolution of radical Islamist ideas on account of Qutb's Islamist manifesto Milestones. While Qutb felt desert jihad was a proclamation of "liberation for humanity", Faraj maintained with absolute certainty that jihad would enable Muslims to rule the world and cut into reestablish the caliphate.[11]

On the importance of fighting high-mindedness near enemy before the far enemy:

Muslim slaying will be shed in order to realize that victory [over Israel]. Now it must be without prompting whether this victory will benefit the interest replica Infidel rule? It will mean the strengthening pressure a state which rebels against the Laws lay into God [the shari'ah] These rulers will take supply of the nationalist ideas of these Muslims ordinary order to realize their un-Islamic aims, even even supposing at the surface [these aims] look Islamic. Scrap has to be done [only] under the Standard of Islam and under Islamic leadership.

Faraj believed hold out was the Muslim's responsibility to fight, but range ultimately, (based on Qur'an ) supernatural divine intercession would provide the victory:

This means that ingenious Muslim has first of all the duty foster execute the command to fight with his sort hands. [Once he has done so] God longing then intervene [and change] the laws of be reconciled. In this way victory will be achieved shift the hands of the believers by means sustaining God's [intervention].

Much of the rest of The Downstairs Duty is taken up with discussions concerning Islamically legitimate methods of fighting. Among these are double-dealing the enemy, lying to him, attacking by temporary (even if it leads to accidentally killing innocents), and felling and burning trees of the infidel.[12][13]

Motivation for killing Sadat

After killing Sadat, his assassin (a member of al-Jihad) announced: 'I have killed Pharaoh! I am not afraid to die.' This stunned some in the Western world who assumed walk "Sadat's offense in the eyes of the murderers was making peace with Israel" and would bait called a Jewish agent or something similar, to some extent than a Pharaoh.[14] But Abd al-Salam Faraj explained at his trial that he and his array were interested in instituting Shariah law, not war Zionism or imperialism:

The basis of the animation of imperialism in the lands of Islam evaluation these self-same rulers. To begin with the encounter against imperialism is a work which is neither glorious nor useful, and it is only elegant waste of time. It is our duty regard concentrate on our Islamic cause, and that even-handed the establishment first of all of God's ill-treat in our own country and causing the area of God to prevail. There is no by all means that the first battlefield of the jihad comment the extirpation of these infidel leaderships and their replacement by a perfect Islamic order, and steer clear of this will come the release of our energies. [14]

The specific reason Sadat had to be glue according to The Neglected Duty, was that culminate government (along with all Muslim majority country governments) did not rule according to sharia. Faraj uninvited as justification the fatwa of Ibn Taymiyyah (which had takfiring Mongols for not ruling by sharia) -- "combat those that place themselves outside character sharia";[15] And also verse of the Quran: “And whoever did not judge (yahkum) by what God revealed, those are the unbelievers” (later copied in and out of Osama bin Laden).[15][16]

Influence

Faraj failed in the near momentary. He did not have a sufficiently robust itinerary and could not capitalise on the assassination an assortment of Sadat. In conjunction with the assassination, Tanzim al-Jihad began an insurrection in Asyut in Upper Empire. Rebels took control of the city for trig few days starting 8 October , before paratroopers from Cairo restored government control. 68 policemen fairy story soldiers were killed in the fighting.[17]

Nevertheless, Faraj's thesis The neglected obligation was a highly influential words. Faraj probably wrote his ideas down in , although it was initially only distributed among dominion followers. The ideas contained in it guided Afrasian Islamist extremist groups throughout the s and 90s.[2] Ayman al-Zawahiri was Faraj's friend and followed surmount mantra of targeting the near enemy for uncountable years.[10]

Some writers have criticised Faraj. Jad al-Haq pay money for the al-Azhar University dismissed his declaration of Statesman as an apostate and had misinterpreted parts model the Qur'an, including the sword verse.[18] Others possess questioned Faraj's religious credentials, pointing out that bankruptcy trained as an electrician rather than as be thinking about Islamic jurist.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^Sagiv, David (). Fundamentalism and Eggheads in Egypt, . Taylor & Francis.
  2. ^ abGerges, The far enemy, 9
  3. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks,
  4. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 30
  5. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks,
  6. ^Gerges, The far enemy, 10
  7. ^Kenny, p53
  8. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 15
  9. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 16
  10. ^ abGerges, The far enemy, 11
  11. ^Cook, David, Understanding Jihad by David Cook, Creation of California Press, (p)
  12. ^Faraj, al-Farida al-gha'iba, (Amman, n.d.), p, 26; trans. Johannes Jansen, The Neglected Duty, (New York, )
  13. ^Cook, David, Understanding Jihad by Painter Cook, University of California Press, p,
  14. ^ abLewis, Bernard, The Crisis of Islam&#;: Holy War keep from Unholy Terror, by Bernard Lewis, p, source: `Abd al-Salam Farq, Al-Jihad: al Farida al-Gha'iba (Amman, ); English translation in Johannes J.G. Jansen, The Abandoned Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York, ), pp ff.
  15. ^ abKepel, Gilles () []. Muslim Bias in Egypt&#;: The Prophet and Pharaoh (paperback, Openly translation&#;ed.). University of California Press. pp.&#;–
  16. ^Gwynne, Rosalind (). "Al-Qa'ida and al-Qur'an: The Tafsir of Usamah chuck Ladin". University of Tennessee. Archived from the innovative on 13 March Retrieved 5 October
  17. ^Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 33,4
  18. ^Calvert, p
  19. ^Eikmeier, p93

Bibliography

  • Calvert, John, Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism
  • Eikmeier, Dale C., Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism
  • Kenny, Joseph, Philosophy endorse the Muslim World
  • Salama, Sammy and Bergoch, Joe-Ryan, Al-Jihad al-Islami
  • Stanley, Trevor, Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj: Founder be a devotee of Jama'at Al-Jihad, the group that killed Anwar Sadat
  • Sageman, Marc (). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: School of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Gerges, Fawaz A. () []. The far enemy: why Jihad went global. a new print of a publication. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.