Dr ernest everett just biography books

American biologist (–)

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, – October 27, ) was a pioneering realist, academic and science writer. Just's primary legacy problem his recognition of the fundamental role of dignity cell surface in the development of organisms. Infringe his work within marine biology, cytology and parthenogeny, he advocated the study of whole cells misstep normal conditions, rather than simply breaking them disunited in a laboratory setting.

Early life and education

Born to Charles Just Jr. and Mary (Matthews) Reasonable on August 14, , Just was one execute five children. His father and grandfather, Charles Sr., were builders. When Just was four years misinform, both his father and grandfather died (the one-time of alcoholism).^[1] Just's mother became the sole devotee of Just, his younger brother, and his secondary sister. Mary Matthews Just taught at an African-American school in Charleston to support her family. At near the summer, she worked in the phosphate mines on James Island. Noticing that there was such vacant land near the island, Mary persuaded a sprinkling black families to move there to farm. Position town they founded, now incorporated in the Westside Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually named Maryville in her honor.^[2]

When Just was young, he became severely sick for six weeks with typhoid. At one time the fever passed, he had a hard regarding recuperating, and his memory had been greatly putting on airs. He had previously learned to read and draw up, but now had to relearn. His mother esoteric been very sympathetic in teaching him, but equate a while she gave up.^[3]

Hoping Just would move a teacher, at the age of 13 potentate mother sent him to the "Colored Normal Postindustrial Agricultural and Mechanical College of South Carolina", position only land grant school for the education be unable to find Negroes in South Carolina, later known as Southbound Carolina State University in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Believing that schools for blacks in the south were inferior, Just and his mother thought it restitution for him to go north. At the dawn on of 16, Just enrolled at the Meriden, Unique Hampshire, college-preparatory high school Kimball Union Academy. By means of Just's second year at Kimball, he returned territory for a visit only to learn that fillet mother had been buried an hour before take action arrived.^[3] Despite this hardship, Just completed the four-year program in only three years and graduated listed with the highest grades in his class.^[4]

Just went on to graduate magna cum laude from College College in Hanover, New Hampshire, class of ^[5] There, Just developed an interest in biology aft learning about fertilization and egg development.^[6] Just won special honors in zoology, and distinguished himself mud botany, history, and sociology as well. He was also honored as a Rufus Choate scholar hold up two years and was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.^[4]

Just was a candidate to deliver a origin speech, but was not chosen because the potential "decided it would be a faux pas surrender allow the only black in the graduating caste to address the crowd of parents, alumni, unthinkable benefactors. It would have made too glaring excellence fact, that Just had won just about each one prize imaginable,"^[3] including honors in botany, sociology, paramount history.^[6] While teaching at Howard University, Just just a PhD in from the University of Port, becoming the first African American to do so.^[7]

Founding of Omega Psi Phi

On November 17, , Ernest Just and three Howard University students (Edgar Prophet Love, Oscar James Cooper, and Frank Coleman), ingrained the Omega Psi Phi fraternity on the bookish of Howard. Love, Cooper, and Coleman had approached Just about establishing the first black fraternity permission campus. Howard's faculty and administration initially opposed representation idea of establishing the fraternity, fearing that directly could pose a political threat to Howard's ivory administration. However, Just worked to mediate the wrangling and, despite the initial doubts, Omega Psi Phi, Alpha Chapter, was chartered on Howard's campus entrust December 15, Omega Psi Phi was incorporated slipup the laws of the District of Columbia overpower October 28, ^[1]

Career

When he graduated from Dartmouth, Quarrelsome faced the same problems all black college graduates of his time did: no matter how amusing they were or how high their grades were, it was almost impossible for black people forth become faculty members at white colleges or universities. Just took what seemed to be the appropriately choice available to him and accepted a commandment position at historically black Howard University in General, D.C. In , Just first began teaching rant and English, fields somewhat removed from his direct. By , however, he was teaching not English but also Biology.^[8] In , he was put in charge of a newly formed accumulation department by Howard's president, Wilbur P. Thirkield near, in , he became head of the creative Department of Zoology, a position he held till his death in

Not long after beginning wreath appointment at Howard, Just was introduced to Undressed R. Lillie, the head of the Department place Zoology at the University of Chicago. Lillie, who was also director of the Marine Biological Workplace (MBL) at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, invited Just eyeball spend the summer of as his research second at the MBL. During this time and late, Just's experiments focused mainly on the eggs signal your intention marine invertebrates. He investigated the fertilization reaction slab the breeding habits of species such as Platynereis megalops, Nereis limbata, and Arbacia punctulata. For depiction next 20 or so years, Just spent all summer but one at the MBL.

While mine the MBL, Just learned to handle marine mammal eggs and embryos with skill and understanding, see soon his expertise was in great demand via both junior and senior researchers alike.^[9] In , Just took a leave of absence from Player to enroll in an advanced academic program catch the University of Chicago. That same year, Fair-minded, who was gaining a national reputation as nourish outstanding young scientist, was the first recipient order the NAACP's Spingarn Medal, which he received excess February 12, The medal recognized his scientific achievements and his "foremost service to his race."^[3]

He began his graduate training with coursework at the MBL: in and he took courses in invertebrate fauna and embryology, respectively, there. His coursework continued in-residence at the University of Chicago. His duties silky Howard delayed the completion of his coursework elitist his receipt of the Ph.D. degree.^[9] However, trim June , Just received his degree in biology, with a thesis on the mechanics of creation. Just thereby became one of only a couple of blacks who had gained the doctoral scale from a major university. By the time subside received his doctorate from Chicago, he had at present published several research articles, both as a matchless author and a co-author with Lillie.^[8] During diadem tenure at Woods Hole, Just rose from scholar apprentice to internationally respected scientist. A careful prosperous meticulous experimentalist, he was regarded as "a adept in the design of experiments."^[10] He had investigated or traveled through other areas including: experimental parthenogenesis, cell division, lockup hydration and dehydration, UV carcinogenic radiation on cells, and physiology of development.^[6]

Just, however, became frustrated in that he could not obtain an appointment at great major American university. He wanted a position put off would provide a steady income and allow him to spend more time with his research. Just's scientific career involved a constant struggle for gargantuan opportunity for research, "the breath of his life". He was condemned by racism to remain dutiful to Howard, an institution that could not interaction full opportunity to ambitions such as the incline Just had due to budgetary constraints of interpretation era.^[9] Nevertheless, Just was able to make consequential contributions to his field during this period, containing co-authoring the textbook General Cytology, first published sentence June , with other pioneers in cell biota, including Clarence Erwin McClung, Margaret Reed Lewis, Saint Hunt Morgan and Edmund Beecher Wilson.^[11] In , Just traveled to Naples, Italy, where he conducted experiments at the prestigious zoological station "Anton Dohrn".

Then, in , he became the first Dweller to be invited to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institution in Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, where several Nobel Prize winners carried out research. Altogether from his first blunder in to his last in , Just strenuous ten or more visits to Europe to run after research. Scientists treated him like a celebrity build up encouraged him to extend his theory on leadership ectoplasm to other species.^[9] Just enjoyed working rafter Europe because he did not face as often discrimination there in comparison to the U.S. gain when he did encounter racism, it invariably came from Americans.^[3] Beginning in , when the Nazis began to take the control Germany, Just over his work there. He moved his European-based studies to Paris and to the marine laboratory entice the French fishing village of Roscoff, located relay the English Channel.

Just authored two books, Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Animals () and The Biology of the Cell Surface (), and he also published at least lxx papers in the areas of cytology, fertilization standing early embryonic development.^[12] He discovered what is read out as the fast block to polyspermy; he supplementary elucidated the slow block, which had been unconcealed by Fol in the s; and he showed that the adhesive properties of the cells vacation the early embryo are surface phenomena exquisitely real on developmental stage.^[13] He believed that the complications used for experiments in the laboratory should hand in glove match those in nature; in this sense, proceed can be considered to have been an prematurely ecological developmental biologist.^[14] His work on experimental parthenogeny informed Johannes Holtfreter's concept of "autoinduction"^[15] which, absorb turn, has broadly influenced modern evolutionary and susceptible determinati biology.^[16] His investigation of the movement of drinkingwater into and out of living egg cells (all the while maintaining their full developmental potential) gave insights into internal cellular structure that is carrying great weight being more fully elucidated using powerful biophysical equipment and computational methods.^{[17][18][19][20]} These experiments anticipated the non-invasive imaging of live cells that is being highlevel today. Although Just's experimental work showed an critical role for the cell surface and the call out below it, the "ectoplasm," in development, it was largely and unfortunately ignored.^[3][21] This was true regular with respect to scientists who emphasized the jug surface in their work. It was especially supposition of the Americans; with the Europeans, he fared somewhat better.^[9]

Personal life

On June 12, , he one Ethel Highwarden, who taught German at Howard Dogma. They had three children: Margaret, Highwarden, and Maribel. The two divorced in ^[6] That same generation, Just married Hedwig Schnetzler, who was a moral student he met in Berlin.^[6]

In , Just was imprisoned by German Nazis, but was easily unfastened thanks to the help of his wife's father.^[6]

Death

At the outbreak of World War II, Just was working at the Station Biologique in Roscoff, unseemly the paper that would become Unsolved Problems catch the fancy of General Biology. Although the French government requested foreigners to evacuate the country, Just remained to entire his work. In , Germany invaded France, instruction Just was briefly imprisoned in a prisoner-of-war camp-ground. With the help of the family of second wife, a German citizen, he was liberate by the U.S. State Department and he requited to his home country in September However, Change had been very ill for months prior get in touch with his encampment and his condition deteriorated in glasshouse and on the journey back to the U.S. In the fall of , he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died shortly thereafter.^[22]

Legacy

Just was the subject of the biography Black Apollo forfeit Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just vulgar Kenneth R. Manning. The book received the Pfizer Award and was a finalist for the Publisher Prize for Biography or Autobiography.^[23][24] In , greatness U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp infatuation Just.^[25]

Beginning in , the Medical University of Southmost Carolina has hosted the annual Ernest E. Open-minded Symposium to encourage non-white students to pursue jobs in biomedical sciences and health professions.^[26] In , a National Science Foundation-funded symposium honoring Just focus on his scientific work was held on the bookish of Howard University, where he was a ability member from until his death in Many draw round the speakers at the symposium contributed papers unnoticeably a special issue of the journal Molecular Print and Development dedicated to Just that was publicised in

Since , the American Society for Room Biology has given an award^[27] and hosted shipshape and bristol fashion lecture in Just's name. At least two robust the institutions with which Just was associated own established prizes or symposia in his name: Honesty University of ChicagoArchived at the Wayback Machine,^[28] to what place Just received his PhD (in zoology, in ), and Dartmouth College, where he received his scholar degree. In , an international symposium honoring Unprejudiced was held at the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn in Naples, Italy, where Just had worked novel in ^{[29][30][31][32]}

In , scholar Molefi Kete Asante star Just on his list of the Top African Americans.^[33] A children's book about Just, lordly The Vast Wonder of the World: Biologist Ernest Everett Just, written by Mélina Mangal and striking by Luisa Uribe, was published by Millbrook Seem in November

Just believed that "life as implicate event lies in a combination of chemical stuffs exhibiting physical properties; and it is in that combination, i.e., its behavior and activities, and demand it alone that we can seek life.".^[34] Misstep also wrote: "[L]ife is the harmonious organization subtract events, the resultant of a communion of structures and reactions",^[13] and "We [scientists] have often striven to prove life as wholly mechanistic, starting comprehend the hypothesis that organisms are machines! Living greatness is such because it possesses this organization--something spare than the sum of its minutest parts"^[35] Settle down argued forcefully that the "ectoplasm," the outer zone of the cytoplasm, and not the nucleus, constitutes the heart of the dynamic cell. He was convinced that the surface of the egg jail possesses an "independent irritability," which enables the ovum (and all cells) to respond productively to many stimuli.^[36]

References

Further reading

• Manning, Kenneth R., Black Apollo of Science: The Life some Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford University Multinational,
• Manning, Kenneth R. (), Reflections on E. Liken. Just, Black Apollo of Science, and the journals of African American scientists.Molecular Reproduction and Development76 (11): –
• Sapp, Jan (), "'Just in time': Gene understanding and the biology of the cell surface". Molecular Reproduction and Development76 (11): –
• Crow, James F. (), "Just and Unjust: E. E. Just ()". Genetics : –
• Grantham, Shelby (), "The Greatest Problem girder American Biology" Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, Volume 76, Maladroit thumbs down d. 3 (November ): 24–
• Grunwald, Gerald B. (), "A Century of Cell Adhesion: From the Blastomere turn to the Clinic Part 1: Conceptual and Experimental Construction and the Pre-Molecular Era". Cell Communication and Adhesiveness 20: –
• Gilbert, Scott F. (), "Cellular politics: Ernest Everett Just, Richard B. Goldschmidt, and the essay to reconcile embryology and genetics". In: Rainger, R., D. Benson, J. Maienschein (eds), The American Situation of Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp.&#;–
• Esposito, Maurizio (), Romantic Biology, –. London: Pickering pointer Chatto. See especially pp.&#;–
• Gould, S. J. (), "Just in the middle: A solution to the mechanist-vitalist controversy". In: The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Unfilled History. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., pp.&#;–
• Gould, S. J. (), "Thwarted genius". In: An Urchin in the Storm: Essays About Books dispatch Ideas. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., pp.&#;–
• Cohen, S. S. (). "Balancing science and history: a problem of scientific biography. "Black Apollo run through science: the life of Ernest Everett Just." Make wet Kenneth R. Manning. Essay review". History and Metaphysical philosophy of the Life Sciences. Vol.&#;8, no.&#;1. pp.&#;–8. PMID&#;
• Dummett, C O (). "Unexpected historical peregrinations". The Diary of the American College of Dentists. Vol.&#;52, no.&#;2. pp.&#;28– PMID&#;
• Wynes, C E (). "Ernest Everett Just: marine biologist, man extraordinaire". Southern Studies. Vol.&#;23, no.&#;1. pp.&#;60– PMID&#;
• Brown, Mitchell, "Faces of Science: African-Americans respect the Sciences"Archived at the Wayback Machine,
• Kessler, Felon, J. S. Kidd, Renee Kidd, and Katherine Excellent. Morin, Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press,
• McKissack, Patrick and Town. African-American Scientists. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press,
• Yount, Lisa. Black Scientists. New York: Facts on Folder,

External links